Overall summary
Our inspection assessed how good North Wales Police is in 11 areas of policing. We make graded judgments in 10 of these 11 as follows:
We also inspected how effective a service North Wales Police gives to victims of crime. We don’t make a graded judgment in this overall area.
We set out our detailed findings about things the force is doing well and where the force should improve in the rest of this report.
Important changes to PEEL
In 2014, we introduced our police effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy (PEEL) inspections, which assess the performance of all 43 police forces in England and Wales. Since then, we have been continuously adapting our approach and this year has seen the most significant changes yet.
We are moving to a more intelligence-led, continual assessment approach, rather than the annual PEEL inspections we used in previous years. For instance, we have integrated our rolling crime data integrity inspections into these PEEL assessments. Our PEEL victim service assessment will now include a crime data integrity element in at least every other assessment. We have also changed our approach to
graded judgments. We now assess forces against the characteristics of good performance, set out in the PEEL Assessment Framework 2021/22, and we more clearly link our judgments to causes of concern and areas for improvement. We have also expanded our previous four-tier system of judgments to five tiers. As a result, we can state more precisely where we consider improvement is needed and highlight more effectively the best ways of doing things.
However, these changes mean that it isn’t possible to make direct comparisons between the grades awarded this year with those from previous PEEL inspections. A reduction in grade, particularly from good to adequate, doesn’t necessarily mean that there has been a reduction in performance, unless we say so in the report.
The operating context for Welsh forces
It is important to recognise the fact that forces in Wales operate in a different context to those in England. Although policing and justice aren’t devolved to Wales, essential services such as healthcare, accommodation, education and social services are. This means that Welsh police and justice activities take place in unique performance and legislative contexts. In Wales, devolved and non-devolved organisations work in partnership to provide the best level of service possible to local people.
Sometimes this means that forces in Wales will have to comply with both English and Welsh regulatory requirements.
HM Inspector’s observations
I am pleased with some aspects of performance of North Wales Police in keeping people safe and reducing crime, although it needs to improve in some areas to provide a consistently good service.
These are the main findings I consider most important from our assessments of the force over the past year.
The force should make sure it supervises investigations thoroughly and gains a better understanding of victims’ needs and wishes
North Wales Police needs to make sure that supervisors provide timely and effective direction of investigations. The force should also consistently record the needs of and impact on victims of crime and improve how it records the reasons why victims withdraw their support for an investigation. Well directed, thorough investigation and victim care are important to maintain public confidence.
The force is prioritising the prevention and deterrence of crime, and its approach to early intervention and prevention is innovative
North Wales Police has worked with academic partners and the national problem-solving crime prevention programme to develop a cost-benefit model for crime prevention that police forces can use to understand how effectively they spend public money to reduce crime and victimisation. The force works well with its communities and other organisations to solve problems.
The force needs to make improvements so that it operates as efficiently
as possible
The force is committed to collaboration to help provide value for money and it has an ambitious IT strategy. However, the force needs to do more work to better understand the future demand for its services. And it needs to consider how it can best use resources to meet current and future demand across all areas of the force.
The force has improved how it ensures that the public is treated with fairness and respect, but it needs to continue to improve how it records the use of force and stop and search
North Wales Police makes good use of data and scrutiny measures to inform organisational learning, and its workforce has a good understanding of how to treat people fairly. However, the force can’t yet show that it has a full understanding of how often and how fairly its officers use force. The force must be able to demonstrate to the public that its use of police powers is appropriate and effective. The force plans to introduce new technology to improve how it records and monitors the use of force, and I look forward to seeing the progress of this work.
Wendy Williams
HM Inspector of Constabulary
Providing a service to the victims of crime
Victim service assessment
This section describes our assessment of the service North Wales Police provides to victims. This is from the point of reporting a crime through to the end result. As part of this assessment, we reviewed 90 case files.
When the police close a case of a reported crime, it will be assigned what is referred to as an ‘outcome type’. This describes the reason for closing it.
We also reviewed 20 cases each when the following outcome types were used:
- A suspect was identified, and the victim supported police action, but evidential difficulties prevented further action (‘outcome 15’).
- A suspect was identified, but there were evidential difficulties, and the victim didn’t support or withdrew their support for police action (‘outcome 16’).
- Police decided that formal action wasn’t in the public interest (‘outcome 10’).
While this assessment is ungraded, it influences graded judgments in the other areas we have inspected.
Main findings
In this section, we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force provides a service to victims of crime.
While this assessment is ungraded, it influences graded judgments in the other areas we have inspected.
The force needs to improve the time it takes to answer emergency and non-emergency calls
When a victim contacts the police, it is important that their call is answered quickly and that the right information is recorded accurately on police systems. The caller should be spoken to in a professional manner. The information should be assessed, taking into consideration threat, harm, risk and vulnerability. And the victim should get appropriate safeguarding advice.
The force needs to improve the time it takes to answer emergency and non-emergency calls as it isn’t meeting national standards. When calls are answered, call handlers use a structured process to assess the victim’s vulnerability. However, checks to establish if the victim is vulnerable or a repeat victim aren’t always completed, which means this may not be taken into account when considering the response the victim should have. In most cases victims are given advice about crime prevention or the preservation of evidence.
The force doesn’t always respond to calls for service promptly
A force should aim to respond to calls for service within its published time frames, based on the prioritisation given to the call. It should change the call priority only if the original prioritisation is deemed inappropriate, or if further information suggests a change is needed. The response should take into consideration risk and victim vulnerability, including information obtained after the call.
Attendance wasn’t always within recognised force timescales. Victims sometimes weren’t informed of the delay and their expectations weren’t met. This may cause victims to lose confidence and disengage. However, we found that when call priorities were changed this was appropriate.
The force allocates crimes to appropriate staff
Police forces should have a policy to make sure crimes are allocated to appropriately trained officers or staff for investigation or, if appropriate, not investigated further. The policy should be applied consistently. The victim of the crime should be kept informed of who is dealing with their case and whether the crime is to be investigated further.
The arrangements for allocating recorded crimes for investigation were in accordance with the force policy. And in all cases the crime was allocated to the most appropriate department for further investigation.
The force usually carries out prompt and thorough investigations, and victims receive regular updates on the progress of the investigation
Police forces should investigate reported crimes quickly, proportionately and thoroughly. Victims should be kept updated about the investigation, and the force should have effective governance arrangements to make sure investigation standards are high.
Investigations were usually carried out promptly, and relevant and proportionate lines of enquiry were completed in most cases. However, some investigations lacked effective supervision. Victims were kept updated throughout investigations. Victims are more likely to have confidence in a police investigation when regularly updated. A thorough investigation increases the likelihood of perpetrators being identified and a positive outcome for the victim.
Victim personal statements weren’t always taken, which can deprive victims of the opportunity to describe the impact that crime has had on their lives. The force didn’t always consider the use of orders designed to protect victims, such as a domestic violence protection notice or domestic violence protection order.
The Code of Practice for Victims of Crime requires police forces to conduct a needs assessment at an early stage to decide whether victims require additional support. The outcome of the assessment and the request for additional support should be recorded. The force isn’t always completing the victim needs assessment, which means not all victims will get the appropriate level of service.
The force isn’t always using the appropriate outcome or obtaining an auditable record of victims’ wishes
The force should make sure it follows national guidance and rules for deciding the outcome of each report of crime. In deciding the outcome, the force should consider the nature of the crime, the offender and the victim. And the force should make sure the use of outcomes is appropriate.
When a suspect has been identified but evidential difficulties prevent further action, the victim should be informed of the decision to close the investigation. In most cases, the force informed victims of the decision to take no further action and finalise the crime.
When a suspect has been identified but the victim doesn’t support or withdraws their support for police action, an auditable record from the victim should be held confirming their decision. This will allow the investigation to be closed. Evidence of the victim’s decision was absent in most cases we reviewed. This means that victims’ wishes may not always be fully represented and considered before the investigation is closed.
In some cases, when an offender has been identified, the police can decide that formal action isn’t in the public interest. If this outcome type is to be correctly applied and recorded, it must be appropriate for the nature of the offence and can be applied only if certain criteria are met. In all the cases we reviewed, the circumstances of the case didn’t meet the national criteria for the use of this outcome type. We discuss this further in the section ‘Investigating crime’.
Engaging with and treating the public with fairness and respect
North Wales Police is adequate at treating people fairly and with respect.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to treating people fairly and with respect.
The force needs to improve how it records the use of force
The force complies with the National Police Chiefs’ Council national recording requirements for categories of force used. In the year ending 31 March 2021, it recorded 2,052 uses of force. Compared to the number of arrests across the same period (16,372 arrests), this suggests these incidents are under-recorded. When compared with other forces, this is also the third lowest number of recorded incidents per 1,000 population.
In May 2020, North Wales Police stopped recording the use of compliant handcuffing. This is against National Police Chiefs’ Council guidelines. We understand the force has recently decided to return to recording this. Although it is likely this will mean a significant increase in the number of uses of force recorded, the force must ensure that its officers are accurately recording and submitting all uses of force.
The force is hoping to introduce an electronic system in 2023 to help improve its monitoring and recording of use of force. But the current degree of under-recording means that the force doesn’t have a complete picture of how its officers and staff use force in the course of their duties. This means it can’t complete an accurate analysis to see where policies, systems and practices need to be improved.
The force is good at engaging with communities and seeks their views to understand what is important to them
The force has an effective engagement strategy and the infrastructure to help it to identify and engage with of all its communities. There are good links with the North Wales independent advisory group and a network of local community advisory groups. Representatives attend the police and public encounters meeting, which helps the force understand community concerns. The force also uses social media well.
For example, it uses a range of platforms to send surveys to the public and uses the feedback received to set community priorities. Local policing teams also visit schools and use pop-up surgeries and mobile police stations to meet the public. However, we found that some neighbourhood teams lacked knowledge about how the force profiled its communities, and some neighbourhood staff weren’t aware of all the channels used to engage with the force.
The force works with its communities to solve problems
The force has an effective citizens in policing (CIP) team that co-ordinates volunteer programmes such as the special constabulary, volunteer police cadets, police support volunteers and Neighbourhood Watch. We found that special constables and volunteers felt valued and had an important role to play within their communities.
The force has introduced North Wales Community Alert, a two-way community messaging system. This is used to keep communities and their local teams in close contact and help to address community concerns and local priorities. The force has successfully encouraged people to sign up to this initiative. The force news desk has access to this alert system and puts tailored messages out to target specific areas
if needed. The communications department also use local print media and radio stations to share work with the public, including officers appearing on radio to talk about local issues.
The force publishes analysis on disproportionality, identifying individual and organisational learning from internal monitoring, and can demonstrate the improvements it is making as a result
In the year ending 31 March 2021, Black people were 2.4 times more likely than White people to be stopped and searched by North Wales Police. During the same period, stop and searches on Black people resulted in an action being taken (such as arrest, community resolution or caution) in 40 percent of cases, compared to in 21 percent of cases for stop and searches on White people.
Force data shows that in March 2022:
- Black people were three times more likely than White people to be arrested; and
- people from other ethnic minority backgrounds were four times more likely than White people to be arrested and detained.
The force produces an annual external diversity report covering policing activity. We saw the report for 2020/21, which includes data about stop and search, detentions in police custody and use of force. Appropriate analysis is carried out to provide good insight into the above areas along with actions to explain or address disproportionality where identified.
The force runs quarterly committees that review data on disproportionality. This helps it to monitor and respond to any specific trends or patterns by, for example, making improvements, such as a stop and search training package for local policing teams. The committees also allow for independent scrutiny of the use of stop and search, use of force, out of court disposals and hate crime or hate-related incidents.
The workforce understands why and how to treat the public with fairness and respect
North Wales Police provides a range of training, such as officer safety training, that incorporates communication skills as well as unconscious bias awareness designed to promote fairness and respect. The unconscious bias training aims to make sure the workforce can recognise their own biases and improve their communication skills with the public. We found that the workforce had a good understanding of these subjects.
We found consistent and appropriate use of body-worn video, for example when force was used, arrests were made, or members of the public were stopped and searched. Body-worn video is useful not only as a form of evidence, but as it also provides a level of personal and public protection and increased transparency in policing. This in turn helps to maintain public trust and confidence in the police.
Independent scrutiny helps the force improve its approach to stop and search
Since our last inspection, the force has made progress in this area, which was previously highlighted as an area for improvement. The force now has an independent advisory group (IAG), which is independently chaired, well attended and consists of a trained panel who are confident to challenge. The force could do more to improve the representation of the community on the panel in terms of ethnicity, age and gender, but we were pleased to see that progress has been made. The force welcomes independent scrutiny and acts on feedback provided. The IAG reviews body-worn video footage and the grounds that officers record when members of the public are stopped and searched. IAGs act as ‘critical friends’, and this is helping improve understanding, communication and confidence across the communities of North Wales.
The force is improving its fair use of stop search powers, but there is more
to do
North Wales Police provides stop and search training to student officers and informs and updates officers about changes in legislation or practice. Most of the officers we contacted told us they felt well trained.
‘Reasonable grounds’ is an objective test that officers must meet before exercising their stop and search powers. During our inspection, we reviewed a sample of 320 stop and search records from 1 January to 31 December 2021. On the basis of this sample, we estimate that 80.9 percent (with a confidence interval of +/- 4.1 percent) of all stop and searches by the force during this period had reasonable grounds recorded. Of the records we reviewed for stop and searches on people from ethnic minority backgrounds, 7 of 12 had reasonable grounds recorded. This is a statistically significant improvement compared with the findings from our previous review of records from 2019, where we found 70.0 percent (with a confidence interval of +/- 4.9 percent) of stop and searches had reasonable grounds recorded.
Recorded grounds for use of stop and search by North Wales Police in the year ending 31 December 2021
Of the 320 records we reviewed, we assessed that:
- 19 percent didn’t have reasonable grounds recorded;
- 25 percent were considered weak grounds;
- 43 percent were considered moderate grounds; and
- 13 percent were performed on strong grounds.
This is an important improvement for North Wales Police, as fair decision-making in stop and search affects how people perceive the police – not just the individual who is searched. The force needs to continue to monitor its use and recording of reasonable grounds in order to identify areas to improve. When forces have reasonable grounds recorded and can demonstrate that their use of use of stop and search is fair, the public have greater confidence.
Adequate
Preventing crime and anti-social behaviour
North Wales Police is good at prevention and deterrence.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to prevention and deterrence.
North Wales Police prioritises and co-ordinates how it prevents crime, anti-social behaviour and vulnerability
The force has a clear governance structure, so leaders can oversee how well it is working to prevent, tackle and deter crime and disorder. The safer North Wales partnership board is represented at a strategic level. The neighbourhood policing strategy demonstrates the force’s focus on prevention, early intervention and problem-solving, and the force has a clear prevention strategy. Preventing crime and anti-social behaviour are key objectives, meaning the workforce focuses on this in its daily activity and supports crime prevention well through problem-solving. The force has a ‘prevention hub’ designed to tackle those areas disproportionately impacted by crime and help reduce the number of victims and repeat victims. The hub is well established, and the force has invested in this area, with more staff due to join it soon.
The force’s community engagement strategy sets overarching aims, but local problems are solved within communities according to their needs and feedback. The force works in partnership with a wide range of other organisations in problem-solving, crime prevention and early intervention activity. And this was evident in a review of its problem-solving profiles. There are force and local performance meetings through to tactical tasking and co-ordinating meetings that monitor the progress of prevention activity.
The force has six comprehensive community profile documents that are updated for each of the local authority areas. These documents are easy to read, with graphics, maps and bullet-point summaries that provide readers with a good understanding of those areas. However, the force could do more to ensure that the workforce is aware of these profiles. This would provide officers and staff with more knowledge and detail of the individual areas they police.
The force uses problem-solving well and works with other organisations to prevent crime, anti-social behaviour and vulnerability
The force’s prevention hub focuses effectively on problem-solving policing. Each local policing area also has dedicated problem-solving advisors for advice and local direction. There is a citizens in policing team (CIP) within neighbourhood policing which co-ordinates and plans how to use the expertise of volunteers in the community. There is also local focus and direction on current and emerging community problems, and plans are put in place to address them. The force uses the scanning, analysis, response and assessment problem-solving model across local policing. Officers understand how to use it in their work, which we saw in the problem-solving plans we examined.
We found that problem-solving plans were effective and appropriate to the risks they were seeking to address. The evaluation of problem-solving plans takes place locally at supervisor level. We found the use of problem-solving also takes place in other areas of work, including specialist departments such as Operation Amethyst (a rape investigation team). This means that the force can reduce harm and demand for its services and work with its communities to solve problems.
The force works with other organisations, such as local authorities and community groups, to address joint priorities. It does this through a variety of forums, including its community safety meetings. These co-ordinated approaches help to reduce crime and its underlying causes sustainably.
Force leaders recognise the effect of problem-solving and reward those who perform well
The force values the community and problem-solving work carried out by its local policing teams and volunteers. The force hosts various events to recognise and celebrate the work of neighbourhood teams, such as the Safer Streets event and the Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) Awards. Events like these also share good practice.
The force regularly publicises the good work of the neighbourhood teams, both internally and externally. This includes the Neighbourhood Week of Action where items were posted on social media (Twitter and Facebook) and featured in local newspapers. The chief constable also recorded a video which was published on the force’s intranet pages. This helps staff to stay engaged, feel valued and understand that the work they do is appreciated by their line managers. And it means that the workforce remains committed to problem-solving and reducing the effect of crime and anti-social behaviour in its communities.
The force recognises that neighbourhood officers have been dealing with increasing demands on their time and capacity to work directly in their communities. However, during our inspection we found that some neighbourhood officers didn’t feel valued and weren’t aware of the force’s reward and recognition initiatives. The force should ensure all teams are aware and take advantage of its reward and recognition opportunities.
The force is undertaking early intervention approaches with a focus on positive outcomes
The force Early Action Together Programme has evolved into the force Early Intervention Programme to provide a stronger focus on early intervention. All patrol and neighbourhood staff have been trained in early intervention and prevention. This helps them to identify cases suitable for early intervention referrals and to signpost to partners and other support services.
The force told us it has also developed three early intervention and prevention training modules for 1,100 frontline officers, including neighbourhood, response and CID teams, and 300 staff from partner agencies and organisations. This training is delivered in force seminars. It covers legislation and research, systems and processes, and tools and resources, including an additional one-hour
e-learning module. Each year, three neighbourhood policing development days are run with local policing services response officers covering subjects such as anti-social behaviour. External partners also take part in these training days.
The force analyses its own and partnership data to establish high demand and vulnerable locations, people and suspects, including repeat victims. It uses this to help prevent crime and anti-social behaviour
Each area within North Wales Police has a demand reduction meeting. This is chaired by a local policing inspector and assesses demand, focusing on repeat locations and victims. The force toolkit intranet page includes a link to the top ten repeat demand generators in each area, ward or beat. The programme allows users to access further data and use this to inform their prevention work.
Neighbourhood policing teams have had access to local briefings and training on a Microsoft Power BI data analysis tool. They can use this to identify three-month repeat demand, including repeat offenders, victims and locations. This is an effective tool that supervisors use to brief their teams. Force analysts support local demand reduction meetings by providing access to partnership data to help the force better understand issues in its communities.
Good
Responding to the public
North Wales Police is good at responding to the public.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force responds to the public.
Control room staff accurately identify risk and vulnerability when members of the public make contact to report crime
Our victim services assessment found that the standard of call handling was high. In 67 of the 70 cases we reviewed, the THRIVE risk identification and assessment process was used. In all 55 cases we reviewed, call handlers were polite, professional and showed empathy to callers. In 24 of 25 cases reviewed, they gave advice about crime prevention. In 52 of 61 cases reviewed, we found that vulnerability was checked for and identified at the first point of contact. For all 76 cases we reviewed, incidents were allocated to an appropriate team. These results are positive, but the force should continue to ensure that all repeat victims are identified and recorded by call handlers at the first point of contact. In 11 of 57 cases reviewed, there wasn’t evidence of checks to see whether there was a repeat victim.
The force uses a collaborative approach to address threat, harm and risk at the point of first call, and has a range of contact channels available
The force has invested in technology to identify people who may be vulnerable, to ensure the most appropriately trained officer attends. The force collaborates effectively with other agencies to meet demand and to respond to incidents where vulnerability is identified and extra support may be required.
The force uses an appropriate range of digital contact methods. These include Single Online Home – a platform that allows police services to create an online presence – and a social media management system that brings together several different social media platforms. It demonstrates good practice by using a digital desk to co-ordinate these contact channels, providing the public with additional ways to contact the force.
The force should improve the time it takes to respond to calls for service and ensure vulnerability is continually reviewed
The force doesn’t always answer calls for service within its published target times. The force told us that between 1 November 2021 and 31 January 2022, it answered 87.4 percent of 999 calls within 10 seconds. This was lower than the national standard of answering 90 percent of 999 calls within 10 seconds. The force also told us that, for the same time period, 11.1 percent of calls to its non-emergency 101 facility were abandoned. The force operates a switchboard between 8am and 10pm daily. However, the abandonment rate is higher than the national standard of 10 percent for forces with no switchboard facility at all. The force can’t yet determine whether callers hang up due to wait times or because they opt to use the online reporting facility on its website. Therefore, the force can’t accurately judge how effectively it enables the public to make contact.
Failure to answer calls quickly enough can lead to losing both public confidence and investigative opportunities. The force is mostly able to answer emergency calls within the target times it sets itself, and these are aligned to national standards. But we found some non-emergency calls aren’t dealt with promptly. We also found that victims aren’t always being updated and informed about why there are delays in attendance.
The force works in partnership with mental health services effectively, to support the vulnerable and protect them from further harm
In partnership with the Betsi Cadwaladr health board, North Wales Police offers a mental health triage service which sees mental health practitioners working with staff within the force’s control room. This service operates across the force area in line with peak demand times of the day. Having practitioners working with staff who are taking calls from people who may be experiencing a mental health crisis helps them to consider how best to deal with the individual. The practitioners have access to health records to provide professional advice. During our inspection, we saw positive examples of how this expert advice and support had reduced high demands on the force. This means that people experiencing poor mental health get an appropriate service and more relevant support when they call the police.
The force has a good understanding of the well-being needs of its contact management staff and officers initially responding to emergency calls
The force provides control room supervisors with mental health training which helps them to understand and identify welfare and well-being issues within their teams. The force has a welfare team that provides regular trauma risk management to staff affected by traumatic incidents. Frontline operational officers report that supervisors are supportive, both at the incident scenes and afterwards.
However, control room staff told us that some teams are operating at or below minimum staffing levels. We found that response teams also feel that they are often operating below desired staffing levels. Abstractions from shifts also places pressure on resourcing. This happens when an officer is diverted from their core duties for an extended period, for example to support events like the Commonwealth Games or to undertake coursework for the policing education qualifications framework.
Force control room staff and supervisors are suitably trained to offer real-time advice to its first responders to ensure the early gathering of evidence at scenes
During our inspection, we found that staff and supervisors within the control room actively monitor radio transmissions and provide written advice on the command-and-control incident log that can be viewed by the attending officers. This includes ensuring forensic opportunities are maximised and means that attending officers know what action to consider when they attend incidents or crime scenes so that evidence is gathered as early and effectively as possible.
Good
Investigating crime
North Wales Police requires improvement at investigating crime.
Proportion of offences recorded in the year ending 30 September 2021 with an outcome of ‘not in public interest – police decision’ (outcome 10) across forces
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force investigates crime.
North Wales Police conducts thorough and effective investigations on behalf of the public
Our victim service assessment found in 80 of 90 cases reviewed, staff had completed an effective investigation. In 77 of 86 cases reviewed, investigations were concluded after reasonable opportunities to gather evidence were taken, and 73 of 74 cases were allocated to appropriately skilled investigators.
In 77 of 83 cases reviewed, the victim received an appropriate level of service. We found delays in 5 out of 90 cases. Any delay may have a detrimental effect for the victim and some of these delays were lengthy and unacceptable. In all five cases where there was a delay, we found a lack of effective supervision.
In 40 of 43 cases reviewed, the force made good use of investigation plans. And in all 17 relevant cases reviewed, arrests were made in an appropriate time frame.
North Wales Police makes sure that serious crime is investigated by appropriately skilled staff, although some teams have heavy workloads
The force has established a strategic and tactical performance framework for investigating crime. The investigative standards group reviews standards and performance, but the approach across all basic command units requires more consistency and greater communication between each area. The force has been working on a central repository for investigative standards guidance. However, at the time of our inspection we found that staff weren’t aware of this resource and, as it is a new product, we weren’t able to assess its effectiveness.
North Wales Police has strong detective capability and capacity, which is better than we usually see. As of 31 March 2022, all 260 PIP2 (professionalising investigations programme) investigator posts were filled with an accredited investigator. We have identified good practice with the force’s crime academy, which is set up to enable the force to understand how many of its staff are PIP2 accredited and to identify critical gaps within investigative teams. This helps the force understand growth needs for detective vacancies. At the time of our inspection there were no detective vacancies, which has put the force in a good position in terms of maintaining its investigative capability and capacity.
However, rape investigation (Operation Amethyst) and child abuse teams reported heavy caseloads. This has increased demands on staff, who told us that they need to work on their rest days to ensure tasks are completed. Some staff we spoke to expressed a lack of confidence in how well the force understands its investigative demand.
Well-being is a priority in investigations teams, but more could be done to ensure effective management of workloads and understanding of crime demand
Most of the staff we spoke to told us supervisors are supportive, take their welfare seriously and review workload commitments. Some staff told us that workloads are appropriate but some officers in specialist roles have higher numbers of cases. While these staff felt supported by leaders, some told us that their workloads were unmanageable and that this was affecting their well-being. Staff reported that high workloads and long working hours affects their work-life balance. We found that investigators are committed to supporting victims, but we also found that teams felt unable to accept more cases because they had exceeded their capacity to investigate their current caseload.
The force provides good digital and forensic investigative capacity and capability, with limited delays
The scientific support department houses the force’s digital forensics team which meets International Organization Standardization accreditation. Digital forensics is a branch of forensic science. The main purpose is to examine, extract and process data from digital devices. There is a local service agreement in place to ensure submission times are met. At the time of our inspection, the force told us there was little or no backlog. When there is a backlog, this is outsourced to avoid delay in
progressing investigations. The force has invested in additional staff within the department by creating two additional posts. The digital forensic team’s capacity to attend scenes is good and provides advice and support to officers. Laptops are taking longer to digitally examine, but there is the option to use a fast-track system if required.
Requires improvement
Protecting vulnerable people
North Wales Police is adequate at protecting vulnerable people.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force protects vulnerable people.
Governance of the protection of vulnerable people is effective
The force’s protecting vulnerable people (PVP) board provides governance, and this approach is supported by a nominated chief officer lead for vulnerability. The force uses action plans and monthly PVP performance meetings to evaluate its progress and to make improvements. This framework includes domestic abuse, child protection, and violence against women and girls, and it extends outside specialist teams to local policing services. This means that priorities and direction are adequately set, and they are understood as widely as possible across the force.
The force doesn’t train all staff involved in protecting vulnerable people
The force provides training in ‘DA Matters’ and adverse childhood experience for all officers within North Wales Police. All officers and staff have access to a shared site on the force intranet that provides advice and guidance for issues that relate to vulnerability. However, we found staff didn’t feel they had received appropriate specialist training to provide an enhanced level of safeguarding for victims of domestic abuse. In the past, the force has used external training providers to deliver specialist child abuse investigation development programme training. But lack of availability of these courses prompted the force to run internal specialist child abuse investigation development programme courses. Some of the PVP supervisors we spoke to highlighted what they considered was a lack of training provision. However, North Wales Police has implemented a plan over the past 18 months, and we would encourage the force to continue ensuring all those working in specialist posts protecting vulnerable people have received the training required to undertake their roles effectively.
The force works with other organisations to keep vulnerable people safe
Multi-agency risk assessment conferences are convened to help those victims of domestic abuse most at risk. During our inspection, many of these meetings were held using video-conferencing technology and this was effective. We observed these virtual meetings and were impressed to see that a wide range of participants from other organisations were present. Information was shared effectively and constructive discussions led to steps being taken to help keep victims safe.
The force has worked constructively with other safeguarding organisations to implement Operation Encompass nationally recognised professional standards whereby police officers notify schools about domestic abuse related incidents affecting children. The scheme has been well received and widely adopted throughout North Wales. The force has an established early intervention hub. The hub helps to provide more timely and appropriate intervention and supports families with evidence of greater levels of need.
The force seeks to understand and act on victim feedback to improve the service it provides, but this isn’t widely appreciated among its workforce
North Wales Police uses data from victim satisfaction surveys and its quality of service board to assess areas where the force can improve. In January 2022, the force implemented an initiative called ‘Victims Journey’. This aims to provide the force with high quality information about victims’ experiences of crime. This is shared with staff to help them improve the standard of service they give to victims.
The force holds other victim feedback groups, such as the domestic abuse survivors advising service, and since our inspection it has told us that a new forum for sexual violence survivors has been established. However, staff and officers we spoke to weren’t aware of any formal process to collate victim feedback. The force needs to do more to make sure the wider workforce is aware of these initiatives.
The force is clear that many PVP roles pose a high risk to well-being and provides an enhanced well-being service to the people in these roles
We found several initiatives and arrangements that support the workforce. This includes trauma risk management for addressing care after traumatic incidents. The force understands that many roles dealing with vulnerability pose a higher risk to workforce well-being, and it provides relevant staff with an enhanced well-being service. Staff we spoke to in these roles had routine psychological assessments to understand the effect their role has on their health, and this included access to occupational health support where needed. However, some child abuse investigators reported a lack of confidence in the psychological screening process.
The force collates welfare data within PVP. This is good practice and helps the force to identify trends and issues that affect people in these roles. Although we didn’t see the impact of this data within the PVP at the time of our inspection, this has the potential to help the force tailor and improve its well-being service. This in turn could help staff feel more confident in the screening process.
Adequate
Managing offenders and suspects
North Wales Police is adequate at managing offenders and suspects.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force manages offenders and suspects.
The force effectively pursues high-risk offenders and manages outstanding suspects, but more could be done to manage those assessed as medium and low risk
There is effective governance and oversight of high-risk suspects and wanted people. There is oversight of high-risk outstanding offenders at the force’s daily management meeting. The operational support services are present during the daily management meeting and can help local policing teams with arrests and outstanding suspects.
However, we found that there is no process for officers to know how or when to deal with pursuing medium and low-risk suspects. Frontline officers and supervisors understood the importance of arresting high-risk suspects, but there was a lack of clarity and consistency about medium and low-risk individuals.
North Wales Police has assurance measures for released under investigation decisions
Our inspection showed us that the force uses released under investigation (RUI) or voluntary attendance in appropriate cases. Their use is monitored for both risk and timeliness, and there is clear accountability for making sure this happens. RUI is managed through force systems that automatically prompt staff about what action is required within the relevant timeframes. Staff are alerted that they may have had suspects RUI for excessive periods and are asked to provide detailed updates. This happens at regular intervals, and supervisors are held to account in terms of the progress since the last review.
Pre-charge bail is managed effectively and has oversight and governance
During our inspection we found there is an effective bail management process appropriately overseen by an inspector. A centrally managed custody diary system notifies officers when bail dates are approaching. This helps officers to carry out investigations as quickly as possible and to safeguard victims. It also means there is less risk of the bail dates passing without further action being taken. If dates do lapse, the risk is that the suspect may need to be released under investigation instead.
The data from this process is shared with the force’s investigation standards meeting to help it understand any emerging themes or trends that need further analysis or improvement.
Supervisory management was evident. Where there is a change from bail to RUI, we found a clear rationale recorded, as well as an assessment of risk to support the decision.
The force’s IOM arrangements are effective
The force’s IOM team is located within the force’s prevention hub, which enables a co-ordinated approach to prevention activity. The force follows the latest national IOM operational guidance and related neighbourhood crime integrated offender management strategy, following the fixed, flex and free structure. The force correctly uses crime severity scores and offender gravity risk scores to select individuals for each IOM cohort so that they are effectively managed.
We found multi-agency IOM partnership meetings and arrangements to be effective and well attended by partner agencies. An IOM performance analyst provides performance reports based on data from both probation and police systems. These performance reports include data on reductions in reoffending as well as estimates of how much those reductions have saved society financially.
Having partnership data is important as it can identify early risk and improve joint decision-making.
Local policing teams are aware of registered sex offenders in their area
The force uses a mapping system that allows local policing and neighbourhood officers to see where registered sex offenders live. During our inspection we spoke to neighbourhood officers who were aware of some of the registered sex offenders in their policing area. The force also produces a bulletin informing officers about registered sex offenders who live in their area. Making sure that officers are aware of where registered sex offenders live is positive and helps officers to identify risky behaviour or record intelligence about those individuals. We spoke to the workforce during our fieldwork and found they know where to find the information they need.
The online child abuse investigation team ensures enforcement activity and makes effective use of sexual harm prevention orders
During our inspection we found that the online child abuse investigation team makes effective use of sexual harm prevention orders. In the year ending 30 September 2021, North Wales Police issued 121 sexual harm prevention orders. These are heard at court to allow ongoing offender risk management after they have been convicted of a crime. The caseloads within the online child abuse investigation team were manageable, with very few backlogs. The team liaises with social services at an early stage during the intelligence gathering process, which provides opportunities to identify any children who may be at risk and time to plan an arrest within appropriate timescales. The force uses warrants as the preferred course of enforcement. This maximises opportunities for evidence to be secured.
Adequate
Disrupting serious organised crime
North Wales Police is inadequate at tackling serious and organised crime.
Understanding SOC and setting priorities to tackle it
The force identifies SOC as a priority
The force has a corporate plan that identifies 11 priority threats, 1 of which is SOC. However, we found that some of the officers and staff we spoke to didn’t fully understand this. We found that most local officers knew which OCGs were active in their areas. However, they didn’t always have sufficient details of the groups’ activities or the threats they posed in order to disrupt them.
During our inspection, we didn’t find an accepted culture that SOC is everyone’s business. Conversely, officers and staff demonstrated a good understanding of vulnerability and safeguarding, but some were unable to explain the link between vulnerability and SOC.
The force manages its response to SOC through a series of local and force tasking meetings and co-ordination meetings. During our inspection, we observed some meetings and found them to be well structured and supported by analysis to inform decision-making.
Local profiles inform and direct partnership work on SOC
The force has produced community local profiles to identify the threat from SOC in each of its community policing areas. These profiles are updated annually. The profiles are produced by community partnership analysts and include data from other agencies such as local authorities, education and health. They are used in community safety partnership meetings and appear to inform activity. The local authorities contribute to the funding of the partnership analysts.
We examined some of these profiles and were impressed with their structure and the detail contained. Partners we spoke to recognised the benefits of them. However, some LROs didn’t appear to understand how they should be used to tackle SOC.
Resources and skills
The force is unable to meet some analytical SOC demands
The force analytical team comprises strategic, tactical and partnership analysts. We found that the force wasn’t always able to manage its analytical demand effectively.
The head of analysis must make difficult decisions when prioritising analytical work. We found that analysts were able to support reactive investigations being managed by the SOC unit. However, they didn’t always have time to undertake proactive work to enhance the force’s understanding of SOC. We were told by some analysts that the demand to carry out work on telecommunications data has increased significantly.
We were told that LROs seldom receive analytical support to drive 4P planning activity. We were also told that there is a lack of analytical services available in the force, which may explain this.
Some analysts and their managers expressed their frustration that some pieces of completed analytical work weren’t being acted on. This appears to be due to limited availability of frontline resources.
In other forces, we often find analysts dedicated to tackling SOC, and in some cases, they are assigned to specific threat areas. This allows analysts to proactively examine and assess SOC threats and identify emerging issues. The analytical resourcing in North Wales Police doesn’t allow this.
The force leadership is aware of this issue, and it has been formally recorded as a risk. The force should review how analytical work is allocated and make sure there is enough capacity to undertake proactive analysis. Furthermore, the force would benefit from raising the profile of analytical work across the workforce to encourage requests for support and make sure that recommendations are considered for action.
The force should deploy its resources more effectively to combat SOC threats
The force has a well-resourced SOC unit comprising four specialist teams undertaking covert investigations.
Each local policing area should also have a local proactive unit. We found that only one of the three local proactive units was fully operational. This limits the force’s capacity to tackle its SOC threats. Local senior officers rely on their local policing teams to manage SOC threats. However, these teams are also required to respond to other local demands, such as burglary.
We found that the allocation of SOC investigations between specialist and local resources appeared disproportionate. The force should review its SOC resources to make sure that there is enough capacity and ability to flexibly deploy resources to carry out SOC investigations across the entire force.
The force should make sure it has sufficiently trained LROs to tackle SOC
The force designates the LRO role to local chief inspectors. Their effectiveness is limited by their other responsibilities. LROs attend a monthly forum chaired by a detective chief superintendent. This meeting includes other specialist leads and it reviews the progress of 4P plans.
Some LROs we spoke to told us that they feel unsupported in their roles. We found some evidence of a lack of contact between LROs, force specialist senior investigating officers and other teams. We were told that for some investigations, senior investigating officers manage the pursue element while LROs manage the preventative and protective elements. Senior investigating officers and LROs don’t always work to formulate 4P plans together and co-ordinate an effective response to SOC threats.
Not all LROs we spoke to were aware of some critical SOC procedures, such as applying for ancillary orders or the benefit of SOC local profiles. It was evident to us that not all LROs worked effectively with partners and there was no consistent approach to 4P delivery.
The quality, consistency and application of 4P plans need to improve
During our inspection, we examined several of the force’s 4P plans and found them to be inconsistent. It appeared that some plans had been completed by several authors and, on occasions, were too generic to be effective. We found little evidence of plans including information from community profiles or consultation with partners. Plans appeared to lack evidence of being reviewed and updated by relevant LROs. The force should review its approach to 4P plans to make sure they are tailored to tackling specific threats and are of a consistent quality.
The force doesn’t routinely record learning in relation to SOC
In 2016, we gave North Wales Police an area for improvement to increase its understanding of the effectiveness of its operations and to make sure that it learns from this. During this inspection, we found that the force was still not routinely identifying learning from operational debriefs. We were also told that during fieldwork, the force and its partners don’t undertake routine evaluation of prevent and protect activity.
Tackling SOC and safeguarding people and communities
The force should improve how it works with partners to tackle SOC
We found that in some SOC investigations, there was little evidence that partners had been consulted when developing 4P plans. We were also told that some investigation leads aren’t clear on what level of information they can share with partners. Improving confidence in information sharing may be beneficial.
The force has successfully piloted Clear, Hold, Build in one of its geographical areas. We were told that, as a result, community resilience has increased. Senior leaders told us about their plans to increase the use of this approach in other areas of the force. However, we found that some partners hadn’t been briefed about this approach. The force should make sure that future Clear, Hold, Build initiatives are widely communicated to its personnel and partner organisations.
The force has sufficient resources to carry out financial investigations
We were told during interviews that all SOC investigations are allocated a financial investigator. They work proactively to identify criminal assets for subsequent seizure. The force seeks independent expert advice on the value of high-value assets, including cryptocurrency.
The force has improved its recording of SOC disruptions
During the strategic presentation, we were told that the force has improved its recording of disruptions. It had previously recorded the fewest disruptions in the region, which was mainly due to the force not fully understanding the process for recording disruption activity. The force has now revised its process following consultation with another force.
However, much of this work fell to a senior analyst in the force. Other officers and staff involved in managing SOC threats weren’t consistently involved in recording disruption activity. At the time of inspection, the force told us that by summer 2023, it will be able to record disruptions directly onto APMIS. And it has plans to increase resilience to further improve disruption recording once APMIS is available.
The force works to safeguard vulnerable victims of SOC
The force has created a partnership called the ‘prevention hub’, which aims to prevent people from becoming victims of crime. It consists of several teams and other agencies, including community safety and youth justice. LROs told us that this resource supports them when formulating 4P plans. We also heard positive feedback when interviewing partners.
During our inspection, we found several examples of the force working with partners to protect people who are vulnerable to exploitation. The force has established an operation to support victims of county lines. We saw examples of personnel working with housing partners to protect victims of cuckooing. Generally, they appeared to understand their role in safeguarding.
The force has introduced a programme called ‘Checkpoint.’ It aims to offer adult offenders voluntary alternatives to prosecution. People identified on the edge of criminality enter a contract and are supported to prevent continued offending. At the time of our inspection, the force reported that 147 individuals had been dealt with in this way and only 3 had reoffended.
The force has introduced a mini police initiative in 13 schools. It aims to raise the awareness of children aged 9–11 about local policing issues and staying safe. The force aims to expand this scheme into more schools. Similarly, the force has 16 dedicated officers working in secondary schools who aim to divert young people from becoming involved in SOC.
The force uses ancillary orders to support the management of SOC offenders
At the time of our inspection, the force reported that it had secured 31 SCPOs against SOC offenders, of which 11 were living in the community. The remaining offenders were serving prison sentences. The force has an SCPO co-ordinator to administrate these orders and work with HMPPS to manage those offenders in prison.
Read An inspection of the north-west regional response to serious and organised crime – November 2023
Inadequate
Building, supporting and protecting the workforce
North Wales Police is good at building and developing its workforce.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force builds and develops its workforce.
The force has an ethical culture with clear and supportive leadership
The force is working to promote an inclusive and ethical culture and effectively communicates the standards expected by senior leaders. Staff are encouraged to provide feedback through the established senior leadership forum and the ‘My voice’ and ‘Get it sorted’ platforms on the intranet.
Staff groups and unions told us they felt listened to and connected to the senior leadership team.
Most of the workforce we spoke to said they felt supported, valued and included by the force, and that senior leaders are approachable. However, in rural parts of the force, some staff reported a lack of visibility of senior officers. The force needs to make sure that staff across the whole force area have an opportunity to engage with senior leaders.
The force is investing in leadership and the development of the workforce to be fit for the future
At the time of our inspection, the force told us that it has created a leadership course for first and second-line managers to develop leadership and operational skills. This is due to start in January 2023. While promising, it isn’t yet possible to judge its impact on the quality and effectiveness of leadership.
Staff told us they had confidence in promotion processes. Annual appraisals are used to help staff work towards career aspirations and to develop skills and experience. Staff also said that line managers understand development needs and support their continued professional development.
The force encourages a learning culture and uses reflective practice
The force encourages learning and there is an increasing focus on feedback and development of the workforce, rather than blame. Staff spoke positively and gave several examples of how supervisors use reflective practice to promote learning following less serious lapses in standards of behaviour. Examples of more serious resolved misconduct cases are published internally by the professional standards department to reinforce the standards of behaviour expected by the force. Officers told us that they felt comfortable sharing information about themselves with their line managers and reporting inappropriate behaviour.
The force has an established and independently chaired ethics committee, but more could be done to promote the awareness of this. We found some officers knew about its existence but didn’t understand what it does or how to raise an ethical dilemma. Unless the workforce understands the purpose of, and how to contribute to, the work of the ethics committee, it may not be fully effective at improving how ethically and fairly the force operates.
The force is working to make sure it better reflects the communities it serves and that all staff have fair opportunities to develop
The force uses information about the diverse backgrounds of its existing workforce to plan how to become more representative of the communities it serves. The equality, diversity and inclusion board is led by a chief officer and monitors the progress of force and local work to attract and retain a diverse workforce.
The workforce representation team works on community engagement, such as visiting places of worship to promote recruitment from communities who might not see policing as an attractive career. The team also promotes support for and mentoring of staff from ethnic minority and multi-faith backgrounds, as well as women and Welsh speakers, to encourage them to stay and progress within the force.
However, as of 31 March 2021, 1.0 percent of North Wales Police’s workforce was from an ethnic minority background compared to an estimated 2.5 percent of the local population.
Candidates for recruitment, trainees and established staff are offered reasonable adjustments for a range of diverse needs. For example, promotion candidates with autism or dyslexia are allowed extra time during exams. Promotion processes also include diverse community stakeholder panels as part of the assessment of candidates’ suitability to be leaders.
Our inspection found that the force has implemented both the police constable degree apprenticeship, degree holder entry and detective degree holder entry programmes. There is good strategic governance and planning. The force has been commended on its bilingual programme considerations, meaning that new officers are likely to be able to engage effectively with the communities they serve.
North Wales Police provides a good range of support to help staff remain well at work, but some teams are experiencing stress due to high demand
The force is focused on the health of its workforce as part of its strategic priorities. Senior leaders encourage supervisors and staff to take part in a variety of health and well-being initiatives. The well-being page on the force intranet is easy to find, and activities such as mindfulness courses, yoga classes and massages are advertised regularly, with some more popular options being oversubscribed.
North Wales Police has a strong focus on preventing staff, including special constables, becoming unwell or experiencing hardship, and aims to provide early intervention. The force provides access to flexible working and supports staff through significant life events, such as adoption processes. For officers and staff suffering financial hardship, the force is introducing the option of staff drawing their salary at flexible intervals. Staff spoke positively about the effectiveness of formal debriefs following traumatic incidents, and some officers spoke about receiving excellent support following a diagnosis of serious illness.
Most staff we spoke to felt that their line managers cared and offered support and understanding to their teams, and they felt confident in raising concerns if needed.
However, staff in some specialist roles, such as child abuse teams and Operation Amethyst, told us that they were suffering stress due to high workloads. Response supervisors reported that often their teams were short staffed due to student officers following the police education qualifications framework programme being required to take study leave.
North Wales Police understands its recruitment needs and is addressing them
The force remains on track to achieve its recruitment targets as part of the Police Uplift Programme. As of 31 March 2022, the force had increased its headcount by 164 officers. This was 40 more officers than the force’s allocated target of 124 officers for years 1 and 2 of the programme (ending on 31 March 2022). Funding has been allocated for planned future recruitment campaigns. The force is also encouraging applications from re-joiners to the police service and transferees. The force hopes this will increase the proportion of experienced officers. At the time of our inspection, the force was planning to recruit an extra 38 police community support officers to support neighbourhood policing.
To help predict its likely recruitment needs, the force tracks the rate at which staff leave and their reasons for doing so. However, it could make better use of exit interviews to identify factors which may influence staff to have longer careers. The force told us that in the year ending 30 June 2022, 16 exit interviews had been completed from a total of 185 staff who had left.
Good
Strategic planning, organisational management and value for money
North Wales Police is adequate at operating efficiently.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force responds to the public.
The force needs to manage its current demand more effectively
The force’s demand and performance meetings are responsible for making sure each area understands its priorities and that these are mapped against demand and resources available. However, we found that daily resource management relies on a manual process. This is inefficient and quickly becomes outdated. It also isn’t linked well enough with other workforce planning and management processes. For example, staff told us that some shift patterns didn’t take sufficient account of the training commitments of police education qualifications framework officers. The force needs to improve its understanding of demand and how it uses its resources most effectively.
It also needs to develop its analytical capability, which will improve its ability to match resource to demand.
The force is investing in its ability to understand future demand
The force lacks a comprehensive understanding of its future demands. This means it can’t be confident that it can meet the challenges ahead or that it has the right resources in place to do so. The force has undertaken an analysis of demand over recent years, but it hasn’t yet developed tools or systematic approaches to forecasting future demand. There is a good level of investment in data tools, such as Power BI, and additional resource in its business intelligence team. But at the time of our inspection this wasn’t complete. To improve its ability to forecast future demand, the force should make sure that the investment in systems and people is aligned to an understanding of its resource and demand. This will support its understanding of what is required to meet its future challenges.
The force has an extensive planning and performance framework to ensure that it tackles what is important locally and nationally, although this would benefit from further review
The force has a comprehensive understanding of the needs and expectations of its communities. It has completed a detailed review of its governance structure to support effective service delivery. This review led to changes in some areas of governance, but the force needs to make sure that the actions taken are sustained.
We were told that the number of boards and meetings creates a duplication of effort and leads to some senior managers being selective about which meetings they attend. This means that they aren’t fully aware of the impact of strategic decisions and how they are implemented. The force also identified this issue in its review. To maintain the good work it is doing in this area, the force should further consider how its governance is working in practice and ensure it engages its workforce in the changes.
North Wales Police has an ambitious IT strategy which should help the force improve its effectiveness, but more needs to be done to use new technology to help its staff become more efficient
We found that the force has a clear IT strategy, but that knowledge of it among the wider workforce was limited. Staff we spoke to were frustrated that the systems they are using are out of date. By communicating the strategy more effectively, staff will have a better understanding of the intended improvements.
A programme management office manages the force’s projects and programmes. However, IT teams don’t have the capacity to deliver some aspects of change, and the force needs to make sure the appropriate resource is in place to support its plans effectively. While the force has invested in laptops and some new systems, both aimed at improving productivity, it still relies on some manual processes and hasn’t always kept abreast of new technology that is available to forces.
The force is committed to improving services through collaboration
The force is an active partner in several well-established collaborations in Wales and north-west England. Collaborative strategic resource planning arrangements are supported by good governance, such as how the force works with Gwent Police and South Wales Police on the Police Uplift Programme. This arrangement is enabled by comprehensive data and management information. This approach helps the force to improve the service it provides to its communities by making sure it is aware of opportunities to increase resilience and produce cost savings.
Adequate
About the data
Data in this report is from a range of sources, including:
- Home Office;
- Office for National Statistics (ONS);
- our inspection fieldwork; and
- data we collected directly from all 43 police forces in England and Wales.
When we collected data directly from police forces, we took reasonable steps to agree the design of the data collection with forces and with other interested parties such as the Home Office. We gave forces several opportunities to quality assure and validate the data they gave us, to make sure it was accurate. We shared the submitted data with forces, so they could review their own and other forces’ data. This allowed them to analyse where data was notably different from other forces or internally inconsistent.
We set out the source of this report’s data below.
Methodology
Data in the report
British Transport Police was outside the scope of inspection. Any aggregated totals for England and Wales exclude British Transport Police data, so will differ from those published by the Home Office.
When other forces were unable to supply data, we mention this under the relevant sections below.
Most similar groups
We compare each force’s crime rate with the average rate for forces in its most similar group (MSG). MSGs are groups of similar police forces, based on analysis of demographic, social and economic factors which relate to crime. We could not identify any forces similar to City of London Police. Every other force has its own group of up to seven other forces which it is most similar to.
An MSG’s crime rate is the sum of the recorded crimes in all the group’s forces divided by its total population. All of the most similar forces (including the force being compared) are included in calculating the MSG average.
More information about MSGs can be found on our website.
Outlier Lines
The dotted lines on the Bar Charts show one Standard Deviation (sd) above and below the unweighted mean across all forces. Where the distribution of the scores appears normally distributed, the sd is calculated in the normal way. If the forces are not normally distributed, the scores are transformed by taking logs and a Shapiro Wilks test performed to see if this creates a more normal distribution. If it does, the logged values are used to estimate the sd. If not, the sd is calculated using the normal values. Forces with scores more than 1 sd units from the mean (i.e. with Z-scores greater than 1, or less than -1) are considered as showing performance well above, or well below, average. These forces will be outside the dotted lines on the Bar Chart. Typically, 32% of forces will be above or below these lines for any given measure.
Population
For all uses of population as a denominator in our calculations, unless otherwise noted, we use ONS mid-2020 population estimates.
Survey of police workforce
We surveyed the police workforce across England and Wales, to understand their views on workloads, redeployment and how suitable their assigned tasks were. This survey was a non-statistical, voluntary sample so the results may not be representative of the workforce population. The number of responses per force varied. So we treated results with caution and didn’t use them to assess individual force performance. Instead, we identified themes that we could explore further during fieldwork.
Victim Service Assessment
Our victim service assessments (VSAs) will track a victim’s journey from reporting a crime to the police, through to outcome stage. All forces will be subjected to a VSA within our PEEL inspection programme. Some forces will be selected to additionally be tested on crime recording, in a way that ensures every force is assessed on its crime recording practices at least every three years.
Details of the technical methodology for the Victim Service Assessment.
Data sources
Crime outcomes
We took data on crime outcomes from the April 2022 release of the Home Office police-recorded crime and outcomes data tables.
Total police-recorded crime includes all crime (except fraud) recorded by all forces in England and Wales (except BTP). Home Office publications on the overall volumes and rates of recorded crime and outcomes include British Transport Police, which is outside the scope of this HMICFRS inspection. Therefore, England and Wales rates in this report will differ from those published by the Home Office.
Police-recorded crime data should be treated with care. Recent increases may be due to forces’ renewed focus on accurate crime recording since our 2014 national crime data inspection.
For a full commentary and explanation of crime and outcome types please see the Home Office statistics.
Domestic violence protection orders
We collected this data directly from all 43 police forces in England and Wales. This data is as provided by forces in May 2021.
