Overall summary
Our judgments
Our inspection assessed how good Bedfordshire Police is in ten areas of policing. We make graded judgments in nine of these ten as follows:
We also inspected how effective a service Bedfordshire Police gives to victims of crime. We don’t make a graded judgment in this overall area.
We set out our detailed findings about things the force is doing well and where the force should improve in the rest of this report.
Important changes to PEEL
In 2014, we introduced our police effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy (PEEL) inspections, which assess the performance of all 43 police forces in England and Wales. Since then, we have been continuously adapting our approach and this year has seen the most significant changes yet.
We are moving to a more intelligence-led, continual assessment approach, rather than the annual PEEL inspections we used in previous years. For instance, we have integrated our rolling crime data integrity inspections into these PEEL assessments. Our PEEL victim service assessment will now include a crime data integrity element in at least every other assessment. We have also changed our approach to graded judgments. We now assess forces against the characteristics of good performance, set out in the PEEL Assessment Framework 2021/22, and we more clearly link our judgments to causes of concern and areas for improvement. We have also expanded our previous four-tier system of judgments to five tiers. As a result, we can state more precisely where we consider improvement is needed and highlight more effectively the best ways of doing things.
However, these changes mean that it isn’t possible to make direct comparisons between the grades awarded this year with those from previous PEEL inspections. A reduction in grade, particularly from good to adequate, doesn’t necessarily mean that there has been a reduction in performance, unless we say so in the report.
HM Inspector’s observations
Bedfordshire Police continues to improve and I congratulate the force on its performance in keeping people safe and reducing crime. But it does need to improve in some areas to provide a consistently good service.
These are the findings I consider most important from our assessments of the force over the last year.
The force’s approach to integrated offender management has had impressive results
I congratulate the force on being the first to achieve an outstanding grading for the way it manages offenders and suspects.
Its approach to integrated offender management is highly effective. It has demonstrably reduced reoffending for serious offences like burglary and those involving domestic abuse. The force works well with other organisations to achieve these reductions. Together, the organisations involved in the approach have an in‑depth understanding of the financial benefits of reducing reoffending in Bedfordshire.
High-risk child abuse investigations are benefiting from effective investment in technology
The force’s digital triage vans reduce the need for officers to seize multiple electronic devices from suspects and have dramatically reduced long-standing delays in digital forensics.
The force’s commitment to invest in this technology, using financial support from the Bedfordshire police and crime commissioner, is impressive. We have identified this as innovative practice so other forces can learn from it.
The force’s approach to stop and search is open and effective
I am pleased to see that the force is still performing well in relation to stop and search.
Its external scrutiny panel is important in making sure officers act with integrity and maintain public confidence. The panel consists of local residents. It provides robust scrutiny of stop and search encounters, reviewing footage from officers’ body-worn video and giving feedback on this. The force is very open to this feedback and monitors trends so it can find ways to improve.
These arrangements have again led to the force having impressive results in our stop and search audit. I congratulate the force on this achievement.
A new community policing model is helping to prevent crime and anti-social behaviour
The force has geographically reorganised its community policing model since our last inspection. It is now aligned with local authority area boundaries and is helping to prevent a range of crimes and anti-social behaviour throughout the county.
I am encouraged to see that because the force has a properly resourced response team, community policing officers aren’t now routinely being removed from problem‑solving work for other tasks.
The force contact centre is not able to provide a consistently effective service to the public
The public isn’t always well served by the force contact centre (FCC). Staff shortages mean that emergency calls are prioritised. This leads to frequent and sometimes lengthy delays in handling non-emergency calls.
FCC staff work in a stressful environment. They don’t always identify vulnerable callers or give advice on preventing crime or preserving scenes when this would help.
The working arrangements within the FCC don’t allow time for regular staff training and important updates. Indeed, there is a reliance on staff receiving training on days off. This isn’t sustainable, especially as the force has identified the FCC as a department with higher staff welfare risks.
I am encouraged that the force recognises these problems and is currently recruiting experienced staff into the FCC.
Investigations still lack appropriate oversight
The force is still not supervising investigations enough, to make sure their quality is consistently high and that their outcomes comply with national crime recording standards.
In our last inspection of the force, we noted a lack of supervision of investigations and identified this as an area for improvement (AFI). I recognise that the force has recently made efforts to improve the quality of its investigations through better supervision.
It is important that the force now prioritises this. It has a lack of detectives and an increasingly inexperienced workforce which needs support and guidance.
Tri-force collaboration still isn’t providing a consistently effective occupational health service
The force’s long-standing collaboration with Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire constabularies is still not providing an effective occupational health service.
The force’s approach to protecting the health and wellbeing of its staff is effective. But too often when its staff need help and support from occupational health professionals, they face delays. This risks undermining the high levels of confidence the staff have in the force. It also leads to inefficiency as the delays could mean some staff aren’t used on the front line.
Matt Parr
HM Inspector of Constabulary
Providing a service to the victims of crime
Victim service assessment
This section describes our assessment of the service victims receive from Bedfordshire Police, from the point of reporting a crime through to the outcome. As part of this assessment, we reviewed 130 case files as well as 20 cautions, community resolutions and cases where a suspect was identified, but the victim didn’t support or withdrew support for police action. While this assessment is ungraded, it influences graded judgments in the other areas we have inspected.
The force answers emergency calls quickly but needs to answer non-emergency calls more quickly and make sure it identifies repeat or vulnerable victims
When a victim contacts the police, it is important that their call is answered quickly and that the right information is recorded accurately on police systems. The caller should be spoken to in a professional manner. The information should be assessed, taking into consideration threat, harm, risk and vulnerability. And the victim should get appropriate safeguarding advice.
The force answers emergency calls quickly. But it needs to reduce the time it takes to answer non-emergency calls as it isn’t meeting national standards for these. When calls are answered, the victim’s vulnerability isn’t always assessed using a structured process and repeat victims aren’t always identified. This means these factors may not be taken into account in the response given to the victim. Not all victims are being given advice on preventing crime or preserving evidence. This may lead to losing evidence that would support an investigation and make it harder to prevent further crimes against the victim.
The force doesn’t always respond to calls for service in a timely way and doesn’t always identify victims’ needs
A force should aim to respond to calls for service within its published time frames, based on the prioritisation given to the call. It should change call priority only if the original prioritisation is deemed inappropriate, or if further information suggests a change is needed. The response should take into consideration risk and victim vulnerability, including information obtained after the call.
We found that the force wasn’t always responding to calls within appropriate timescales. This was due to not having enough staff available and a lack of clarity over response targets. The force used three categories for responding to incidents: ‘fast’, requiring an immediate response; ‘fixed’, where an appointment was made; and ‘no response’. But within the ‘fast’ category, no distinction was made between incidents that needed an immediate response and those that were a lower priority. This meant victims couldn’t be given even an estimated time of arrival, and may have increased the risk they faced. In some cases, calls that needed an appointment were incorrectly categorised as ‘fast’ due to a lack of appointment slots. This situation increases the pressure on staff and may make it harder for the force to respond effectively to incidents.
Following our victim service assessment, the force has introduced a five-tier response model, which is covered in the ‘responding to the public’ section below.
The force allocates crimes to appropriate staff and victims are promptly informed if a crime is not going to be investigated further
Police forces should have a policy to make sure crimes are allocated to appropriately trained officers or staff for investigation or, if appropriate, not investigated further. The policy should be applied consistently. The victim of the crime should be kept informed of the allocation and whether the crime is to be further investigated.
We found that the force’s arrangements for allocating recorded crimes for investigation aligned with its policy, and crimes were always allocated to the most appropriate department for further investigation. Victims were always updated promptly if their report wasn’t going to be investigated further. This is important to give victims an appropriate level of service and manage their expectations.
The force doesn’t always carry out effective or timely investigations
Police forces should investigate reported crimes quickly, proportionately and thoroughly. Victims should be kept updated about the investigation and the force should have effective governance arrangements to make sure investigation standards are high.
We found that investigations were sometimes not carried out in a timely manner, and that relevant lines of enquiry were often not completed. There was often a lack of effective supervision of investigations and investigation plans, which resulted in some ineffective investigations. And victims weren’t always kept updated about the progress of an investigation. This failure to carry out effective and timely investigations means that in too many cases victims are being let down and offenders aren’t being brought to justice.
When domestic abuse victims withdrew their support for a prosecution, the force didn’t always consider the use of orders designed to protect the victims (such as a Domestic Violence Protection Notice or Order). These are an important way of safeguarding against future abuse. The Victims’ Code of Practice requires forces to carry out a needs assessment at an early stage to decide whether victims need additional support. The force isn’t always doing this, which means not all victims get the appropriate level of service.
The force doesn’t always follow national guidelines and rules when finalising reports of crime
The force should make sure it follows national guidance and rules for deciding the outcome of each report of crime. In deciding the outcome, the force should consider the nature of the crime, the offender and the victim. And the force should show the necessary leadership and culture to make sure the use of outcomes is appropriate.
Some offences can be dealt with through a caution or community resolution, if this is appropriate for the offender and the views of the victim are considered. We found that the force’s use of these outcomes mostly met the relevant national criteria. But in some cases relating to domestic violence, the force used community resolutions incorrectly and didn’t seek or consider victims’ views.
Where a suspect is identified but the victim does not support (or withdraws support for) police action, a force should keep a record of the victim’s decision so it can close the investigation. In some cases we found no evidence of this happening. This creates a risk that victims’ wishes may not be fully considered before the crime is finalised. Investigations were sometimes incorrectly finalised due to difficulties with evidence when investigative opportunities hadn’t been taken. This means that victims may be denied justice and offenders not held to account.
Engaging with and treating the public with fairness and respect
Bedfordshire Police is good at treating people fairly and with respect.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to treating people fairly and with respect.
The force engages with all its diverse communities to understand and respond to what matters to them
The force is effective at involving its diverse communities in its work. Its community cohesion team has kept up strong links with local residents despite the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. This team also monitors local and national community tensions so the force can respond quickly to them.
The force works effectively with groups traditionally considered harder to reach. It has worked with charities to help keep homeless people and sex workers safe and reduce their harm – for example, through drug and alcohol support programmes.
The force is developing its digital engagement. Staff are using social media more frequently and effectively, creating more opportunities to understand and respond to what matters to communities.
Discussions with the local community influence policing priorities. Officers establish an understanding of local priorities with the community and local elected representatives at quarterly meetings. Some of these priorities, such as the inconsiderate parking of HGVs, are acted upon by officers despite not being force priorities. The community policing inspector gives progress updates for each priority at these meetings.
The force offers the public a wide range of ways to get involved in its work. About 350 local people take part in its ‘citizens in policing’ initiative. This includes police support volunteers, police cadets, student internship programmes and community watch schemes. Volunteer special constables give the force important support and are deployed effectively.
The force makes sure its workforce understands unfair behaviour
Unfair behaviour from police forces can damage public confidence. The force offers a range of training opportunities to its workforce to address unfair behaviour, including material on unconscious bias and stereotyping.
Probationary constables are given comprehensive training on stop and search, including communication skills training.
The force has recently introduced an annual stop and search training event for all officers. This includes material on unfair behaviour, provided by a community representative who has professional experience of working with the police in this area.
The overwhelming majority of stop and searches are carried out on reasonable grounds
During our inspection we reviewed 135 stop and search records from between 1 January and 31 December 2020. Based on this, we estimate that 94.8 percent (with a confidence interval of +/- 3.7 percent) of all stop and searches by the force during this period were reasonable. This is slightly lower than in our review the previous year, when the force had the highest proportion nationally of stop and searches with reasonable grounds at 95.8 percent (with a confidence interval of +/- 2.6 percent).
All 32 records we reviewed for stop and searches on Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) people had reasonable grounds recorded. This suggests that Bedfordshire Police is highly effective at making sure its officers use stop and search powers reasonably and give valid explanations to people who are searched.
The force understands and improves the way it uses stop and search powers
The force has a stop and search scrutiny panel consisting of trained members of the community. The panel reviews body-worn video footage of randomly selected stop and searches. It then gives the force and the officer who carried out the stop and search a graded judgment and feedback. If the panel has significant concerns, it refers the incident to the professional standards department so it can be assessed for any inappropriate behaviour.
The panel also recommends ways the force can improve this work. For example, some officers were switching on their body-worn cameras too late to record the beginning of stop and searches. In response, the force introduced an internal communications campaign to make sure officers switched the cameras on earlier.
We observed a panel meeting and found that its assessment of stop and searches was rigorous. But it only had enough time to assess four videos. The force should consider ways to increase this number without unduly increasing the burden for panel members. The panel is given data on stop and search, including ethnicity data, to help its members identify any disproportionate use of these powers.
The data also shows which officers use stop and search powers the most, which may indicate possible overuse. Officers who have used stop and search powers frequently and effectively have been trained as ‘stop and search champions’. They advise and support less experienced colleagues in using these powers, to help improve performance and strengthen community confidence.
Governance structures support effective stop and search
A quarterly stop and search meeting attended by senior leaders, including the force lead for stop and search, provides effective governance. Attendees are provided with a range of data which allows them to identify and act on any disproportionate use of powers.
Supervisors regularly review stop and search encounters, including assessing their officers’ body-worn video footage.
The force understands and improves the way it uses force
Supervisors dip-sample encounters where force is used to identify learning opportunities and keep standards high. This includes assessing body-worn video footage.
The force has a use of force scrutiny panel consisting of trained local residents. The panel uses the same assessment method as the stop and search scrutiny panel and reviews officers’ body-worn video footage.
In the meeting we observed, the panel assessed a range of encounters. These included the restraint of a man with a mental illness in police custody, and a man arrested following an armed policing operation at a residential address. The panel’s assessment was rigorous and the force’s willingness to allow scrutiny of armed operations indicates its openness.
Good
Preventing crime and anti-social behaviour
Bedfordshire Police is good at prevention and deterrence.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to prevention and deterrence.
The force prioritises the prevention of crime, anti-social behaviour and vulnerability through clear governance structures
The force has an effective approach to community policing that prioritises preventing crime, anti-social behaviour and vulnerability. It spent 10.4 percent of its total budget on community policing in 2020/21 – slightly more than the average across England and Wales of 8.8 percent.
The force has improved its approach to community policing since our last inspection. Each police neighbourhood area is now aligned to local authority boundaries. This means that where joint action between the police and local authority is required, it is clear which community team is responsible.
The force has a community policing strategy, and an effective senior management meeting structure. Senior leaders are given important information on crime trends, allowing them to compare areas and allocate resources effectively.
The force is effective at problem solving and works with other organisations to prevent crime, anti-social behaviour and vulnerability
The force uses problem-solving techniques to tackle a range of crime and anti-social behaviour. It has recently worked with retailers to address shoplifting and chronic anti‑social behaviour that was affecting local businesses. This has significantly reduced these problems and improved links with retailers.
The force uses problem-solving plans which follow the OSARA (Objective, Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment) model. The plans we reviewed were frequently updated, focused on prevention and well supervised.
Recently, the force has introduced three designing out crime officers (DOCOs). They advise the public and officers on making changes to the environment, such as building design, to help prevent crime and anti-social behaviour. Officers value this specialist approach and routinely consider involving DOCOs in their problem‑solving plans.
The force works closely with other organisations to help prevent crime, anti-social behaviour and vulnerability. In Luton, police community support officers and local authority staff have formed a priority anti-social behaviour team. To target its work, the team uses a ‘community trigger’ process. People who repeatedly experience anti‑social behaviour within a six-month period are risk assessed, and high-risk cases are then allocated to the team. This means the people most at risk are identified quickly and receive early, co-ordinated support to address the problem. The force hopes to use this way of working throughout the county in future.
Community policing teams help reduce the harm caused by serious and organised crime
Community policing teams play an essential role in supporting the force’s response to serious and organised crime, including by gathering intelligence. Some community policing staff are designated as lead responsible officers (LROs) for particular organised crime groups. Their role is to co-ordinate action against these groups to prevent harm to communities. LROs receive enhanced training. The force has now also trained local authority staff to raise their awareness of serious and organised crime in Bedfordshire.
The force uses community policing officers effectively to manage demand
We found that Bedfordshire’s community policing teams have often been asked to help their colleagues in response teams to deal with spontaneous incidents. In the past, this has led to community staff being removed from their duties and deployed in urban centres at very short notice. Sometimes this has limited their ability to carry out problem-solving work. But since our last inspection this has changed. Response teams are fully staffed and a new force response model is better at establishing priorities for response officers’ work.
And the force is now using volunteer officers from its special constabulary more effectively to manage demand. Many of these officers are now assigned to community teams and provide valuable support, particularly when those teams are short staffed.
Analytical support to community teams has improved
The analytical resources available to community policing operations have improved. An analyst now supports community teams by identifying incidents involving high‑volume callers, and those with repeat victims and locations. Frequently these incidents involve vulnerable people. Officers then work in partnership with other organisations to prevent further incidents and safeguard people where necessary.
The force now has a sergeant responsible for evaluating problem-solving activity and highlighting effective examples of this. This helps other departments less experienced in problem solving learn from the work of community teams.
Community officers sometimes struggle to prioritise their workloads
Tasking requests to community teams from other areas of the force are frequent and not always accompanied by clear instructions about what is expected of officers. This is causing frustration.
Briefings for community staff starting their shifts can be more than 30 slides long. Some of the information they contain is important and some is routine. But the sheer amount can be overwhelming and doesn’t help officers determine the most urgent priorities.
Good
Responding to the public
Bedfordshire Police requires improvement at responding to the public.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force responds to the public.
Call handlers are not using THRIVE to identify risk
The force uses a structured triage process called THRIVE to prioritise calls based on risk. THRIVE risk assessments are carried out when callers contact the FCC. But we found that these were often superficial, with single-word responses given for each of the risk areas. This makes it difficult for staff to decide which calls need an immediate response and which are less urgent.
The force’s crime and incident management policy explains how control room staff should apply THRIVE to calls for service. The policy says staff should carry out the necessary and proportionate checks to understand the wider context of the incident being reported and who it involves. This information must then be given to the officer attending the incident so they can understand the situation.
Without an accurate THRIVE assessment, important information about the vulnerability of people involved in the incident may not be given to officers attending it. This could mean those people don’t get the right safeguarding or support.
Working hours in the control room don’t yet achieve the right balance between flexibility and needs
Staff shortages in the FCC mean that staff must prioritise emergency calls over requests that tend to be less urgent, such as 101 calls or web chats. This may be unavoidable given current resources, but it leads to delays in answering non‑emergency calls. The force has also determined that staff are sometimes not available at busier times because they have flexible working hours, which don’t meet the needs of the public or the force.
Work is taking place to reach the right balance between meeting the demands of the FCC and allowing staff to work hours that suit them. At the time of our inspection the force was recruiting 20 police constables to help reduce staff shortages in the FCC.
The force is unable to train its staff to make its initial contact with the public more professional
There is a lack of consistent training and development in the FCC. This means it is more difficult to make sure FCC staff have the skills to identify vulnerable callers, or give advice on preserving evidence or preventing crime.
The current staff shift pattern doesn’t include any time for training or continuous professional development. Some staff are being given brief training during their shift, but sometimes this isn’t possible because the FCC is too busy.
The force asks FCC staff to attend training days on their rest days on a voluntary basis. Some staff attend these and others don’t. This leads to inconsistent levels of training in the FCC workforce.
And importantly, staff receiving training on rest days isn’t consistent with the FCC’s status as priority area for force wellbeing measures. It may increase the current wellbeing risks in the FCC. The force is seeking ways to address this gap.
The force has identified wellbeing risks in the FCC and begun to address them
The force identified that workloads in the FCC and staff shortages were causing low morale and stress among staff. It acted quickly to assess the risks to wellbeing in the FCC and introduce a wellbeing action plan. This plan provides practical measures to support staff such as more comfortable desks and visits to the FCC from wellbeing dogs to reduce stress.
But until staffing levels in the FCC are improved at busy times and staff are given training opportunities which they don’t have to sacrifice their days off for, risks to staff wellbeing are likely to continue.
The force is improving its response to incidents so it can more effectively protect victims and secure evidence
At the time of our victim service assessment, the force used a response model with three categories for incidents: ‘fast’, requiring an immediate response; ‘fixed’, where an appointment was made; and ‘no response’.
We found that there weren’t enough appointment slots available. This led to some incidents being categorised as ‘fast’ when they would be better dealt with through an appointment. In these cases the response grading was based upon the availability of appointments rather than THRIVE assessments.
We also found that the FCC wasn’t routinely passing important information to the officers attending incidents. This led to officers carrying out their own research on force systems before attending an incident to find the background information they needed. This caused unacceptable delays in the police response.
Before our victim service assessment, the force had already decided that its response model was ineffective and made plans to introduce a new response model with five response categories.
The force has now introduced the new response model and incidents are now managed more effectively. This is because risk and vulnerability are being determined more accurately using all five categories. Supervisors in the FCC now manage incidents based on risk and have a better understanding of what is urgent.
Importantly, the FCC is now passing information to officers over the radio. This may improve response times because officers aren’t delaying their attendance to research force systems. Better response times may lead to better end results for victims by making it more likely that suspects are detained and evidence is secured.
Requires improvement
Investigating crime
Bedfordshire Police requires improvement at investigating crime.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force investigates crime.
Workloads are still high in some investigation teams and there is a shortage of detectives
The force has identified its Emerald team, which investigates domestic abuse, as a ‘critical’ risk because of high demand and a shortage of staff. The force reports that domestic abuse cases are increasing in number, as well as in their complexity and in the level of violence involved. But shortages in the number of qualified detectives mean domestic abuse cases investigated by Emerald are often managed by inexperienced investigators who are not detectives. The high levels of demand mean that staff are responsible for too many investigations. Staff routinely manage between 25 and 30 investigations at once.
This may have contributed to poor end results for domestic abuse victims. Only 6.6 percent of domestic abuse offences recorded in the year ending 31 March 2020 resulted in a charge or summons.
The force has tried to reduce the workload of Emerald officers by reallocating domestic abuse investigations involving people in non-intimate relationships to its crime investigation team. But at the time of our inspection, workloads were still high and staff were struggling to manage their cases.
The RASSO team, which investigates serious sexual offences, also experiences significant workload pressures, and the force has identified this as a risk. The force, like other forces, is struggling to tackle a shortage of detectives. As at 31 March 2021, only 56 percent of PIP2 detective roles in the force were filled.
The force has a new detective resilience action plan and is actively encouraging constables to consider investigative careers. Officers from response teams are given the opportunity to complete attachments with investigation teams. This gives them experience of investigations. But it also means that many investigators need considerable support and supervision, which increases the workload of busy supervisors.
The force has an accelerated detective programme to attract new detectives and offers financial incentives for existing staff through targeted bonuses for detectives. It is committed to increasing its number of detectives, but at the moment there is still a significant shortage.
The force is taking steps to improve the quality and timeliness of its investigations
The force is trying to improve the quality and timeliness of its investigations through better supervision by:
- dip-sampling crimes each month to check for supervision and investigation quality;
- using development plans to monitor supervisors who repeatedly fail to supervise crimes; and
- making sure investigations are supervised regularly by sergeants, inspectors and chief inspectors.
Following several recent appointments, the senior management team now provides robust and effective oversight of investigations. But it is too early to assess the impact of this on end results for victims of crime.
Senior officers meet quarterly at the force detective capability board, which seeks solutions to important issues that affect the quality of investigations. The board considers recurring themes identified through the new crime supervision arrangements. These arrangements set out clear directions for supervisors and senior officers about the timeliness and process of crime supervision. They also make sure there is oversight of training and that officers are given the development opportunities they need to improve their work.
The board also monitors trends in detective numbers and identifies barriers to filling detective posts, such as the length of time it was taking to recruit detectives from other forces.
Since our victim service assessment, the force has introduced a new structure to improve outcomes for victims of crime. Compared to other forces, its investigations are less likely to end with a suspect being charged or summoned to court. This is driven by low charge and summons rates for criminal damage and theft offences. The force finalises investigations under outcome 18 (meaning no suspect has been identified) more than most other forces. These trends indicate that victims of crime may not be consistently benefiting from thorough investigations.
Proportion of victim-based crimes recorded in the year ending 31 March 2021 with an outcome of charged or summons
Proportion of victim-based crimes recorded in the year ending 31 March 2021 with an outcome of investigation complete – no suspect identified
The force determined that its crime investigation team was prioritising more serious crimes, meaning many investigations of high-volume crimes, such as criminal damage and theft, were delayed. This reduced opportunities to prosecute offenders.
The force has now introduced two separate investigation teams. One team manages serious crime investigations and is staffed mainly by more experienced investigators. Alongside this, a response investigation team manages investigations of high-volume crimes such as criminal damage and theft. This team is staffed mainly by uniform police constables.
The force is now monitoring outcomes for all victim-based crime to make sure the new structure prevents delays to investigations and leads to better outcomes for victims of high-volume crimes.
Requires improvement
Protecting vulnerable people
Bedfordshire Police is adequate at protecting vulnerable people.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force protects vulnerable people.
The force should make sure that vulnerable people are routinely identified by the force contact centre
As discussed in the ‘Responding to the public’ section above, we found that checks to identify vulnerable callers weren’t always being carried out by the force contact centre (FCC). And the FCC didn’t always record that a victim was vulnerable when it was appropriate to do this.
This means that vulnerable callers may not be getting the support or safeguarding they need to cope with and recover from their experience, or to prevent victimisation in future. It may also mean that the force’s estimates about how much of its demand relates to vulnerability may be inaccurate. This may result in allocating resources inefficiently or taking approaches that don’t match demand.
The force has a clear governance and performance reporting structure for vulnerability
The force has a chief officer lead for protecting vulnerable people, and effective governance through the vulnerability and exploitation board. The force’s strategy in this area is set by this chief officer, who holds to account the senior officer leads responsible for each type of vulnerability. Improvement plans are used to support better performance. These include the vulnerable adult improvement plan, which focuses on taking a multi-agency approach to support timely missing adult investigations.
The force performance board examines important data relating to vulnerable people, such as the number of times children and young people are taken into police custody. This data informs resourcing decisions, as senior managers can identify areas of increasing demand. But until vulnerability is fully identified by the FCC at the first point of contact, estimates will be incomplete.
Recent emphasis on using domestic abuse powers will protect more vulnerable people
The force uses domestic violence protection orders (DVPOs) less than most other forces. The force reported that only 14 DVPOs were issued in 2020/21, but said it is on track to issue about 200 in 2021/22. This follows more emphasis on using DVPOs, better quality supervision, and the creation of a separate safeguarding and intervention team.
This new team aims to prevent repeat incidents of domestic abuse by focusing on the most vulnerable victims and the highest-risk offenders. It uses a range of measures, including DVPOs and the domestic violence disclosure scheme (‘Clare’s Law’), to help prevent offences at an earlier stage. And it gives advice to less experienced officers to encourage them to use DVPOs when appropriate. Despite this, low staff numbers mean the force isn’t yet focusing on the highest-risk offenders. And with its increasing use of DVPOs, the force will need to make sure resources are made available to tackle DVPO breaches.
The force has strong partnerships with other organisations, which help it protect vulnerable people
The force works with other local agencies to direct children and vulnerable people away from serious violence and gangs. Two examples of this are the Luton Multi‑Agency Gang Panel (MAGPan), which is chaired by a senior officer from the force’s gangs unit, and the Serious Youth Violence Panel covering the Bedford and Central Bedfordshire local authority areas. Both of these multi-agency panels identify high-risk young people and intervene to direct them away from serious violence and gangs.
Bedfordshire’s violence and exploitation reduction unit (VERU) includes a range of organisations which work together on preventing children and young people being harmed by gang criminality and exploitation. The force is an important partner in this. It identifies vulnerable people at risk and works with the other organisations on interventions to prevent further harm. Most of the cases open at the time of our inspection involved children being criminally exploited, such as through ‘county lines’ drug gangs.
We found that the force’s involvement in multi-agency risk assessment conferences held by local authorities was effective. These meetings consider interventions to protect domestic abuse victims. Interventions might include robustly dealing with offenders who breach non-molestation orders or making timely referrals to a domestic abuse perpetrator scheme.
Adequate
Managing offenders and suspects
Bedfordshire Police is outstanding at managing offenders and suspects. In this section, we set out our main findings.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force manages offenders and suspects.
Integrated offender management is reducing offending and its cost to society
The force actively contributes to a highly effective integrated offender management (IOM) approach which is in line with the government’s Integrated Offender Management Strategy 2020. The force has a chief officer lead responsible for IOM. It works closely with You Turn Futures, a charity responsible for managing Bedfordshire’s multi-agency IOM programme.
The force attends regular IOM meetings with other agencies involved in this programme. The meetings assess whether offenders should be included in IOM, using up-to-date intelligence. This process uses criteria including the risk someone poses, the number of offences they have committed and the severity of these offences. Severity is determined using the Office for National Statistics (ONS) crime severity score. If the offender is included in IOM, a management pathway based on their needs is agreed at the meeting with the aim of preventing future offending. Pathway themes include drugs and alcohol, finances, and health problems.
Using this pathway approach, the force and its partner organisations have built a detailed knowledge of where there are gaps in local services. This has allowed them to focus on closing those gaps. For example, by working with housing providers the force has made more accommodation available for ex-offenders. It has also worked with a charity that has provided ‘welcome packs’, containing basic equipment such as cutlery and bedding, for this accommodation.
The force also prioritises working with people who don’t meet the IOM criteria but despite this, commit crime which causes harm or a significant cost to society. In these cases, community officers are tasked with developing problem-solving plans to prevent reoffending. The force’s tactical tasking and co-ordination group monitors the progress of this.
Evidence demonstrates that the force’s approach to managing offenders is effective
Every year, the Bedfordshire IOM performance framework assesses how effective the IOM programme has been at reducing harm to society. The assessment includes data on reductions in reoffending as well as estimates of how much those reductions have saved society financially.
The decrease in reoffending and the savings to society have been significant. The annual IOM assessment for 2020/21 found that 72 percent of offenders taking part stopped or reduced offending. The approach was particularly effective for burglary, where 91 percent of offenders stopped or reduced their offending.
Using a crime harm savings model, the assessment found that Bedfordshire’s IOM approach cut the cost of crime to society by more than £2.3m in 2020/21.
Online child abuse investigations are timely and thorough
The internet child abuse investigation team (iCAIT) leads investigations of offences involving the possession and distribution of child abuse material. The unit has a large workload but even so it is highly effective.
As well as considering what action to take in relation to child abuse images, iCAIT routinely assesses its cases to identify any other potential offences, such as the possession of controlled drugs. These other offences are considered when the team applies for search warrants so the full range of possible criminality is addressed. This is good practice.
iCAIT supervisors are given regular updates on each of the team’s cases. They hold case progression meetings with investigators and intelligence officers every two weeks to make sure timely action is taken in line with risk. For example, in cases where suspects may have access to children, action (such as executing search warrants and safeguarding) is taken within 24 hours of receiving intelligence. Any cases awaiting action are reassessed every 28 days and cases are re-prioritised if changes to the risk level are identified.
At the time of our inspection, the number of cases that had not been finalised was small (12). To keep up this level of performance staff routinely work overtime, despite a recent increase in iCAIT posts. Demand in this area of work is increasing every year. So we were pleased to see that the force is keeping iCAIT staff numbers under review in its priority-based budgeting process for 2022/23.
Online child abuse investigations are supported by an impressive digital forensic capability
The digital forensic capability of iCAIT is a strength of the force, which we highlighted as innovative practice in the ‘investigating crime’ section.
Using digital triage vans has significantly reduced the workloads of the digital forensic unit. As a result, the timescales for iCAIT’s investigations have also been reduced. For example, most mobile phones are now examined within 24 hours of being seized. Previously this was only possible for high-risk cases, meaning low-risk cases experienced lengthy delays, sometimes taking months.
The force is effective at managing the risk posed by the most dangerous offenders
The force uses a nationally recognised risk assessment tool, ARMS (active risk management system), to risk-assess registered sex offenders.
Risk assessments are carried out by the force’s offender management unit (OMU) in line with the College of Policing’s Authorised Professional Practice. OMU staff are effectively trained in using the ARMS tool, and receive further training through a regional collaboration which the force is part of. The OMU carries out more than 3,700 visits to registered sex offenders a year. This workload is increasing every year, in part due to iCAIT’s success in prosecuting offenders who access child abuse images. OMU has a high workload, but only a small case backlog.
The force uses technology effectively to support its management of registered sex offenders
The COVID-19 pandemic didn’t lead to an increase in backlogs for managing registered sex offenders, or reduce the quality of this management. This was because the force was proactive in using a system called Good Sam to support remote ‘video visits’ for these offenders. This system was used on a case by case basis, taking into account the risk posed by the offender and the health needs of the people involved. As COVID-19 restrictions lifted, the OMU followed up these remote interactions with in-person visits to make sure registered sex offenders were complying with their orders and to establish whether any offending behaviour was taking place.
There is a clear policy for addressing outstanding suspects and the force prioritises domestic abuse suspects
The force has a recently updated policy to make sure officers quickly find and arrest outstanding suspects (those who have been named but not yet tracked down and spoken to). Investigative departments carry out intelligence checks and visit addresses themselves, and are often successful in finding these suspects.
But despite this, sometimes high-risk outstanding suspects remain difficult to track down. The high-risk nature of these cases is quickly identified through the daily force management meeting chaired by a chief officer. The cases are treated as urgent as they involve suspects who pose a risk to the public. The force allocates extra resources to them, such as the dedicated force ‘arrest car’, staffed by officers tasked with finding and arresting high-risk suspects. The daily force management meeting tracks officers’ progress in arresting these suspects and can deploy further resources if they are needed.
The force has recently adopted a policy where all outstanding suspects in domestic abuse cases are prioritised in this way. The daily force management meeting monitors these suspects until they are apprehended. And in the most urgent cases, the full range of the force’s resources are made available to safeguard victims by bringing offenders to justice quickly.
Outstanding
Disrupting serious organised crime
Bedfordshire Police is good at tackling serious and organised crime (SOC).
Understanding SOC and setting priorities to tackle it
Force leaders have developed an effective response to SOC
We found that the force’s leadership was committed to tackling SOC. The chief constable is the national lead for the ROCU network. As a result, he has extensive knowledge of SOC management from a national and local perspective. His leadership has had a positive effect, which is evident at all levels throughout the force. And he has contributed to the force’s understanding of current and future demand from SOC.
We found that those involved in managing the force’s response to SOC understood their roles. The force provides one-page plans about active OCGs, to make sure that frontline staff know about them. Neighbourhood officers were generally confident in their knowledge of SOC. But the understanding of some response and criminal investigation department officers was more limited.
We observed several SOC management meetings. Representatives of specialist departments and senior leaders from the community safety partnerships attended these. The meetings discussed SOC threats and allocated specific actions to tackle them.
The force makes good use of analysis to understand SOC threats
Following Operation Venetic, the force reviewed available intelligence and identified several new SOC threats. In response, the force secured funding from the Home Office to improve how it analyses intelligence and crime data to understand SOC threats. This strengthens its understanding of the threat from SOC.
The force has produced strategic and tactical intelligence assessments for SOC. These assessments are informed by MoRiLE risk assessments, and are used in force tasking and co-ordination processes to prioritise its activity against threats. The force has produced an SOC local profile, which includes data from a range of sources. It is refreshed annually. Local authority partners confirmed to us that it reflected local SOC priorities. They use it to inform their own planning and activity, but they don’t contribute to some of the actions identified in the profile. The force should improve how it involves partner organisations in this process.
To improve how the force tackles SOC, it has developed an action plan. We thought this approach was good. The force recognised that the plan needed refinement to make it more manageable and were planning to review it.
The force has dedicated staff to collect and analyse SOC intelligence. At the time of our inspection, there were 20 analysts in the force who are aligned to thematic areas. Five supported specific SOC activity, with the remainder working on various other force priorities. Some officers, including LROs, told us that more analytical support would be favourable.
Resources and skills
The force has sought to provide staff with the skills required to tackle SOC
Staff on the dedicated SOC team should be surveillance trained. At the time of our inspection, a quarter of the team were awaiting training. This was caused by a national shortage of surveillance training courses due to suspension of training during the pandemic. The force has been preparing officers in advance of attending the course, resulting in an improved pass rate. Other specialist teams, such as the dedicated source unit and the covert authorities bureau, have received the relevant training to perform their roles.
The force has limited capacity to undertake financial investigations
Like other forces in the region, Bedfordshire Police transferred most of its financial investigation capability to ERSOU. This means it has very limited ability to carry out its own financial investigations. We were told that the help it got from ERSOU with financial investigations was sporadic. The force plans to provide enhanced training to financial intelligence officers, who will then be able to undertake some of this work and marginally reduce how much the force relies on ERSOU.
Tackling SOC and safeguarding people and communities
The force is committed to improving how it records disruptions
In the year ending 31 May 2022, Bedfordshire Police led 248 disruptions. Almost three quarters of these were pursue. It also recorded the greatest number (51) and greatest proportion (21 percent) of prevent disruptions compared to other forces in the region. The SOC lead is exploring ways the force can further improve how it records disruptions, particularly those other than pursue.
The force is committed to working with partner organisations to prevent SOC
The force and its partner organisations have a strong focus on preventing SOC. One senior officer told us that there was a belief in the force that pursuing offenders alone was seen as failure. The force has ring-fenced 67 PCs and 43 PCSOs, along with school officers, to support prevention work with children from as young as ten years old.
Some examples of the preventative work the force conducts with partner organisations include the following:
- The force is a key partner in the Violence and Exploitation Reduction Unit (VERU), a network of agencies committed to tackling gang-related crime. All meetings are well attended, and the deputy chief constable sits on the strategic board. The force, with partner organisations, helps identify those who are vulnerable and/or exploited. The VERU then provides support to these individuals.
- The force has a dedicated proactive team to tackle gang and gun crime: the Boson team. It works closely with the VERU and focuses on gangs with links to SOC. Partner organisations commented on how this work was preventing young people becoming involved with gangs. One partner organisation told us that there was an obvious change in the force’s approach: “child first – offender second”.
- To help identify young people vulnerable to organised crime and violence, the force has produced analysis. This is shared with partner organisations, and the most appropriate agency is identified to take the lead and support each young person.
- The force and its partner organisations have increased public awareness of exploitation associated with SOC. For example, they have commissioned a short film that highlights potential impacts of SOC. The film is a component of the Bedfordshire Against Violence and Exploitation
The force is seeking to improve its approach to offender management
The force uses court orders to disrupt SOC activity. Neighbourhood policing teams are tasked with gathering intelligence and enforcing compliance with these orders.
However, in the force’s SOC team, we found limited understanding of these orders. And some response officers told us they had limited time to support this activity.
To improve this, the force has appointed a senior officer to oversee the management of court orders used to disrupt SOC. The creation of this role was also designed to make sure that the force has defined links with the regional multi-agency response to serious and organised crime (MARSOC) team. At the time of our inspection, the MARSOC team had agreed to manage two people listed in the Police National Computer database as having been convicted, cautioned or recently arrested, who the force had referred to them.
Read An inspection of the eastern regional response to serious and organised crime – May 2023
Good
Building, supporting and protecting the workforce
Bedfordshire Police is good at building and developing its workforce.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force builds and develops its workforce.
The force prioritises the wellbeing of its workforce
The force has a concise health and wellbeing plan, which uses a ‘prepare, promote, protect’ model to make sure workforce health and wellbeing is prioritised.
The force wellbeing board is effective, and quick to act when wellbeing risks are identified. For example, it responded to high workloads and staff shortages in the contact centre by producing an action plan and providing a range of wellbeing measures to staff to prevent further risk.
The force works hard to prevent wellbeing risks in all areas, and staff recognise that it sees their health and wellbeing as a priority. The force has recently introduced 26 wellbeing champions. These are staff members located throughout the county who alongside their main role have received training to support colleagues’ wellbeing and direct them to services that can help with this.
The force protected vulnerable staff in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. It made sure they could carry out their work safely from home where appropriate and provided wellbeing packs to support their mental health. Staff told us these actions were well received.
The force has effectively introduced remote and flexible working contracts
The force has maintained its response to the public through the COVID-19 pandemic by quickly bringing in flexible and remote working. This allowed some staff to work from home if that was appropriate for their role. This approach protected vulnerable members of staff and helped prevent the spread of the virus.
The force has introduced two types of ‘smarter working’ contracts. Staff in certain roles can now opt to work either from home or from police premises using a desk in a communal area. In addition, the force now has over 100 members of staff on home working contracts, mainly in support roles.
Throughout this process the force has communicated well to the staff it affects, who understood that switching to permanent home working was optional.
The force worked well with staff associations to make sure that any concerns the workforce had could be quickly addressed. It has set up a smarter working inbox where staff can submit their ideas for improvements.
Individual teams are continuing to find ways to make sure staff working remotely feel included, such as weekly informal meetings using online communication tools.
Senior leaders in the force promote ethical behaviour
The chief officer team leads by example and communicates regularly with staff about ethical behaviour. Overwhelmingly, staff told us that the force was ethical and that senior leaders set a good example in this respect.
The force has a strong learning culture which avoids blame. It takes opportunities to train staff on things that go wrong to ensure they don’t happen again. This approach is highly effective for both stop and search and the use of force, where officers’ body‑worn video is used by external scrutiny panels to identify things to improve. The force responds to feedback from these panels positively and proportionately.
In March 2021 the force introduced the Be You programme. This aims to make sure the workforce is valued, supported, and feels included. Ethical behaviours are an important theme in the programme and the force is committed to preventing inappropriate behaviour. It has given staff channels for reporting concerns and a pledge that staff won’t damage their career prospects by reporting concerns.
The force recently introduced the Blue Bell network, which provides a supportive way for staff to raise concerns about sexual misconduct within the force. Staff also understand clearly the risks to the public posed by the abuse of a position of trust for a sexual purpose, and how to report any concerns about colleagues in this area.
Standards of behaviour are addressed in the force’s annual performance development reviews for officers and staff. This happens through a mandatory conversation between staff and their managers about acceptable conduct.
The diversity, equality and inclusion strategy is an important part of the Be You programme. It is the force’s response to the National Police Chiefs Council’s EDI (equality, diversity, and inclusion) strategy. There is also a similar strategy for the tri‑force collaboration with Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire constabularies. To avoid confusion, the force should make sure the workforce understands how these approaches work together.
The force understands the need to improve its diversity and has an effective plan in place to do this
The force is taking steps to make its workforce better reflect its local communities. For example, it has recently used Equality Act legislation to guide some promotion decisions to make sure its senior ranks are more representative of the local community.
The diversity and inclusion board tracks the diversity data of people applying to join the police at each stage of the recruitment process. From this data it identifies parts of the process that may present a barrier to under-represented groups, to make sure selection processes are fair. The data is also used to identify areas of policing where there is under-representation, such as the need to recruit more Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) and female firearms officers. The force offers mentoring to staff from relevant groups interested in these roles.
According to the 2011 census, 22.5 percent of the population of Bedfordshire is from BAME backgrounds. As at 31 March 2021, the comparable figure for the county’s police officers was 10.1 percent. This is higher than the proportion of BAME officers across England and Wales (7.6 percent).
The force is building its workforce for the future
The force is on track to recruit police officers into posts allocated to it from the national uplift programme. In 2020/21 13.3 percent of the force’s officers had joined that year, which is high compared to the 9.3 percent average new joiner rate for police forces in England and Wales.
But there aren’t enough posts in response teams to accommodate the number of police constables available to work in them. To address this, the force has introduced a policy that once officers have gained some experience of response policing, they are given attachments to investigative units to gain further experience.
These officers are then posted to units which the force believes are most in need of staff and most appropriate for their experience. For many this will be investigative units, because high workloads and the shortage of qualified detectives mean these need more staff. Staff posted into investigative roles are given enhanced levels of support and supervision.
This has caused concern among some of these officers that policing isn’t what they expected. Many were motivated to join the police to work in response teams. This situation has the potential to reduce police officer retention rates and the morale of the officers affected. The force should make sure this policy is kept under review as it continues to balance its benefits with its effect on staff.
Vetting and counter corruption
We now inspect how forces deal with vetting and counter corruption differently. This is so we can be more effective and efficient in how we inspect this high-risk area of police business.
Corruption in forces is tackled by specialist units, designed to proactively target corruption threats. Police corruption is corrosive and poses a significant risk to public trust and confidence. There is a national expectation of standards and how they should use specialist resources and assets to target and arrest those that pose the highest threat.
Through our new inspections, we seek to understand how well forces apply these standards. As a result, we now inspect forces and report on national risks and performance in this area. We now grade and report on forces’ performance separately.
Bedfordshire Police’s vetting and counter corruption inspection hasn’t yet been completed. We will update our website with our findings and the separate report once the inspection is complete.
Good
Strategic planning, organisational management and value for money
Bedfordshire Police is good at operating efficiently.
Main findings
In this section we set out our main findings that relate to how well the force operates efficiently.
The force’s workforce development unit is bridging the gap left by shared human resources
In our last inspection we said the force should make sure future recruitment and staff development are supported by a functional and adequately resourced human resources team. We identified this an area for improvement in our 2018/19 inspection report.
The force has addressed this by creating its own workforce development unit (WDU). It sees this as a necessary step, because there hasn’t been significant investment in the collaborated human resources team shared by Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire (BCH) constabularies. The WDU is reducing delays in recruitment by identifying inefficient ways of working.
But there has been little consultation between the force and BCH human resources about the role of the WDU. This has led to some confusion about how the unit’s work fits alongside that of the BCH human resources team, and there is a risk that efforts will be duplicated.
The force has an effective strategic planning framework to make sure it tackles issues that are important locally and nationally
The force has a robust approach to strategic planning. It uses systematic processes to better understand threats and risks to the community and the public’s expectations.
The force uses the government’s MoRiLE (Management of Risk in Law Enforcement) scoring system to assess how effectively it could respond to emerging threats. The force’s priorities are communicated to staff by circulating documents and through internal channels such as the force intranet. Operational meetings align operational decisions with these priorities to make sure the force is focusing on what is important.
The force manages its current demand well
The force has an established and rigorous approach to understanding and managing demand. This is underpinned by the Bedfordshire Demand Management Strategy 2020–25. This clearly sets out the governance structure used to monitor demand.
The force’s police demand steering group is responsible for making sure the objectives of the strategy are achieved. This group reports directly to chief officers through the force executive board.
An annual strategic demand assessment also supports the force’s understanding of demand. This assesses the force’s ability to meet current and future demand, producing a heat map diagram which demonstrates the level of risk in different operational demand areas. The force uses this assessment to produce its force management statement. This statement is integrated into planning processes, which means the force’s leaders have a good understanding of demand trends.
In addition, relevant departmental leads are asked every month to give a detailed assessment of demand trends for a range of crime types. This monthly assessment means the force is in a better-informed position to respond to sudden changes in demand, and take appropriate action where possible to manage those changes.
In our victim service assessment, we found that due to weaknesses in the force contact centre’s (FCC) approach, the force may not have had an accurate assessment of how much of its demand relates to vulnerability. The force acknowledges this and is exploring ways to provide FCC staff with the training they need to establish whether a caller is vulnerable at the first point of contact.
The force makes sure it has the capacity to meet and manage current demands efficiently
In 2018/19, 2019/20 and 2020/21 the force was given special grant funding by the Home Office to address the disproportionate risks it faces due to serious violence and gang crime. It has been awarded such grant funding again in this financial year.
The force needs this funding to make sure it can address this demand and the significant risks it poses. But these grants are intended for unexpected and exceptional events. Given the repeated need for government support, the demand created by gang violence in Bedfordshire is unlikely to meet these criteria indefinitely.
The force should consider how it would meet this demand if the government funding is not granted in future.
The force makes the best use of the money it has available and its plans are both ambitious and sustainable
The force is rigorous at managing its finances. It has developed sophisticated approaches to priority-based budgeting, which make sure its most important objectives always guide how it allocates money and resources.
The force has a balanced medium-term financial plan which is based on realistic assumptions about future costs. The force has plans in place to increase its reserves by March 2024. This will allow the force to bridge budget gaps which it expects in 2023/2024 and 2024/2025.
The force can demonstrate it is continuing to achieve efficiency savings and improve productivity
The force is committed to making savings and finding more efficient ways to work wherever possible. For example, its priority-based budgeting approach and the force quality improvement programme have focused on areas such as the FCC where the biggest efficiency improvements are possible.
During the COVID-19 pandemic the force adapted quickly and invested in technology to allow people who can work remotely to do so. Staff working from home are well supported by technology and office equipment. This approach will reduce the need for staff travel and lead to significant savings on office space costs.
Good
About the data
Data in this report is from a range of sources, including:
- Home Office;
- Office for National Statistics (ONS);
- our inspection fieldwork; and
- data we collected directly from all 43 police forces in England and Wales.
When we collected data directly from police forces, we took reasonable steps to agree the design of the data collection with forces and with other interested parties such as the Home Office. We gave forces several opportunities to quality assure and validate the data they gave us, to make sure it was accurate. We shared the submitted data with forces, so they could review their own and other forces’ data. This allowed them to analyse where data was notably different from other forces or internally inconsistent.
We set out the source of this report’s data below.
Methodology
Data in the report
British Transport Police was outside the scope of inspection. Any aggregated totals for England and Wales exclude British Transport Police data, so will differ from those published by the Home Office.
When other forces were unable to supply data, we mention this under the relevant sections below.
Outlier Lines
The dotted lines on the Bar Charts show one Standard Deviation (sd) above and below the unweighted mean across all forces. Where the distribution of the scores appears normally distributed, the sd is calculated in the normal way. If the forces are not normally distributed, the scores are transformed by taking logs and a Shapiro Wilks test performed to see if this creates a more normal distribution. If it does, the logged values are used to estimate the sd. If not, the sd is calculated using the normal values. Forces with scores more than 1 sd units from the mean (i.e. with Z-scores greater than 1, or less than -1) are considered as showing performance well above, or well below, average. These forces will be outside the dotted lines on the Bar Chart. Typically, 32% of forces will be above or below these lines for any given measure.
Population
For all uses of population as a denominator in our calculations, unless otherwise noted, we use ONS mid-2020 population estimates.
Survey of police workforce
We surveyed the police workforce across England and Wales, to understand their views on workloads, redeployment and how suitable their assigned tasks were. This survey was a non-statistical, voluntary sample so the results may not be representative of the workforce population. The number of responses per force varied. So we treated results with caution and didn’t use them to assess individual force performance. Instead, we identified themes that we could explore further during fieldwork.
Victim Service Assessment
Our victim service assessments (VSAs) will track a victim’s journey from reporting a crime to the police, through to outcome stage. All forces will be subjected to a VSA within our PEEL inspection programme. Some forces will be selected to additionally be tested on crime recording, in a way that ensures every force is assessed on its crime recording practices at least every three years.
Details of the technical methodology for the Victim Service Assessment.
Data sources
Crime outcomes
We took data on crime outcomes from the July 2021 release of the Home Office police-recorded crime and outcomes data tables.
Total police-recorded crime includes all crime (except fraud) recorded by all forces in England and Wales (except BTP). Home Office publications on the overall volumes and rates of recorded crime and outcomes include British Transport Police, which is outside the scope of this HMICFRS inspection. Therefore, England and Wales rates in this report will differ from those published by the Home Office.
Police-recorded crime data should be treated with care. Recent increases may be due to forces’ renewed focus on accurate crime recording since our 2014 national crime data inspection.
For a full commentary and explanation of crime and outcome types please see the Home Office statistics.
